Criminology Theory exam latest 2024 update

Criminology Theory exam latest 2024 update Anomie - ANSWER>>Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. Anomie describes a lack of social norms; "normlessness". It describes the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and their community, if under unruly scenarios possibly resulting in fragmentation of social identity and rejection of self-regulatory values. Atavism - ANSWER>>Resemblance to remote ancestors rather than to parents; reversion to an earlier type; The Italian school of criminology was founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso;Born criminals were thus viewed by Lombroso in his earliest writings as a form of human sub-species; A criminal's skull would be shaped like a neanderthal's, so to speak. biosocial theory - ANSWER>>Approach to criminology that focuses on the interaction between biological and social factors as they are related to crime, -Human behavior is a function of the interaction of biochemical, neurological, and genetic factors with environmental stimuli (family life, community factors). -personal traits and biological makeup, not parenting or social environment, explain behavioral choices -3 parts: biochemical, neurological, genetic theory Cesare Beccaria - ANSWER>>Italian; wrote On Crimes and Punishment; Promoted criminal justice; applied logic and reason to crime and punishment; felt that the justice system should focus on preserving social order instead of avenging crimes; called for the abolition of capital punishment and torture; wanted speedy trials and the elimination of cruel and unusual punishment; Cesare Lombroso - ANSWER>>An Italian doctor who published Criminal Man in which he argued that criminals are born biologically inferior and can be distinguished from noncriminal persons by the presence of certain physical characteristics or stigmata;, applied scientific method to the study of crime. believed criminals were biologically determined. theory of atavism Charles Darwin - ANSWER>>British Scientist; Social Darwinism in where letting nature take its course and not help the needy; also used by the Italian school to form theories of criminal being born and evolving into criminals; eliminating criminals from the gene pool was logical. Chicago School - ANSWER>>Criminological theories that rely, in part, on individuals' demographics and geographic location to explain criminal behavior; people's behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical environments Classical School - ANSWER>>a criminological perspective of the late 1700s and early 1800s that had its roots in the enlightenment and that held that humans are rational beings, that crime is the result of the exercise of free will, and that punishment can be effective in reducing the incidence of crime, as it negates the pleasure to be derived from crime commission;punish to deter; all humans are rational Conflict Theory - ANSWER>>Conflict theories are perspectives in social science that emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group; In Mills's view, social structures are created through conflict between people with differing interests and resources. Individuals and resources, in turn, are influenced by these structures and by the "unequal distribution of power and resources in the society. Conservative Ideology - ANSWER>>maintain peace through strength (military spending), supports troops, right to life, support prayer in schools, oppose affirmative action, favor free-market solutions, low taxes, low spending, go after the criminals, free gun control, less criminal rights Control Theories of Crime - ANSWER>>Social control theories of crime and delinquency attribute law-breaking to the weakness, breakdown, or absence of those social bonds or socialization processes that are presumed to encourage law-abiding conduct. Conventional Means - ANSWER>>governed very stringently by rules. socially accepted: conforming to socially accepted customs of behavior or style, especially in a way that lacks imagination Developmental Criminology - ANSWER>>Began during the 20th century (40's and 50's) An integration of sociological, psychological, and economic elements came together to form the perspective that criminality is a dynamic process influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics Differential Association - ANSWER>>An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom