Portage Learning A&P II: Final Exam Questions with correct Answers (updated

Portage Learning A&P II: Final Exam Questions with correct Answers (updated) This is a collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system. Ganglia This part of the autonomic system increases digestion. Parasympathetic The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons? Motor (Efferent) This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. Axon An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the: Central nervous system Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals. An afferent neuron carries information: From the peripheral to the central nervous system What is the location and function of Astrocytes? Astrocytes form the blood/brain barrier, are found in the brain, and are part of the CNS A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during surgery. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why or why not? Yes; Peripheral nerves can regenerate the length of the axon through axonal regeneration because of the growth of Schwann cells ahead of the axon. Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 2 of the diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase. Depolarization: The sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels past zero and then on up to +40 mV. At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is: -70mV Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump? The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane. True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of a light touch. This means that the strength of the action potential is weaker than usual. Explain your reasoning. False. The action potential is always the same. The frequency and number of nuerons activated change the increase in intensity. Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction? Ach is released from the presynaptic motor neuron to cause an action potential in the muscle fiber. How is a message sent from one neuron to another? A signal travels from the cell body through the axon and releases neurotransmitters into the synapse. These nuerotransmitters bind with receptor that carry the message to the dendrite of the next neuron, and the process begins again. What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone? Dopamine In a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a pathway towards the central nervous system. Sensory (afferent) This part of a reflex is inside the CNS, made up of one or more synapses. The integration center What is true about the stretch reflex? The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle. What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex? It involves excitatory interneurons. It involves inhibitory interneurons. Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex. Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon) Muscle spindle detects stretch Afferent (sensory) neuron through DRG Spinal cord Synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent) Action: To muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot) Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release of Acetylcholine. Patients with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the inability to contract their muscles. Explain why this would occur. Acetylcholine triggers the release of sodium ions. The sodium ions reach the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which in turn release calcium ions that begin muscle contraction. If acetylcholine is not able to be released, the muscle contraction would not be possible. This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain. Pia Mater The _______ fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres. transverse median Describe the function of the brain ventricles. The brain ventricles are located inside the brain and produce and store cerebral spinal fluid ll the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: Filters out unimportant sensory information What is the largest portion of the brain? cerebrum This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information. Association area A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged? Broca's area Describe how memories are stored and retrieved in the brain. Include a specific brain region. Memories are stored in various locations of the brain and recalled by the limbic system. Which statement is false concerning the brainstem? The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord. Which of the following is true concerning the cerebellum? The anterior lobe receives information from the body trunk. Which of the following is most likely a symptom of ALS? Impaired ability to swallow Which of the following is true concerning a CVA? A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel. A patient has decreased hand strength in her right hand. She also has numbness in her first three digits. What is most likely the cause? Carpal tunnel syndrome What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by the arrow) in the figure below? Oculomotor What type of nerve is the cranial nerve below and what does it control? Motor: Shoulder movement The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve: receives sensory information from the upper lip and upper gums This cranial nerve receives information from the r