ALU 301- A&P Chapter 3- Cells Practice Questions and Answers

Chromatin Threadlike structures composed of DNA and protein that extend throughout the nucleoplasm. Golgi Apparatus has a secretory function. Apparatus that is a series of flat membranous sacs. Carbs are synthesized here and packaged with other materials for secretion from the cell. Chromosomes Humans have 23 pairs. 22 Autosomes and then one pair of sex chromosomes. Rod-like structures consisting of tightly coiled DNA and protein. When a cell begins to divide, the chromatin coils tightly into these short, rod-like structures Centrioles Rod shaped structures, perpendicular to one another, located just outside nucleus. They organize the spindle fibers during cell division. The Spindle fibers are contracting proteins that pull the two sets of chromosomes apart toward the ends of the original cell as it divides into two new cells. Each cell then has a full set Lysosomes Single membrane structures that contain digestive enzymes. When certain WBC engulf bacteria, the bacteria are digested and destroyed by lysosomal enzymes. Worn out cell parts, old proteins, and dead cells are also digested and may then be recycled through "autophagy" or self-eating. This helps keep cells healthy and also helps clean up damaged parts after injury so tissue repair can begin. One disadvantage is it contributes to inflammation, which can start a cycle of positive feedback resulting in even more tissue damage. If this system malfunctions, these aged proteins or cell parts can accumulate. Some degenerative diseases of nervous and cardiovascular system are believed to be part of the result of lysosomal malfunctioning, as are some autoimmune diseases and the aging process. Cells smallest living subunits of a multicellular organism. It is a complex and precise arrangement of organic and inorganic chemicals and carries out specific activities. Vary in size, shape and function. Cell Processes that make life possible. respiration, movement, reproduction, digestion, and excretion Nerve Cells Type of cell that has long extensions that allow the cell to quickly transmit electrical pulses from one part of the body to another. Cell membrane carries electrical impulses.