AP Biology Exam Terms
organic compounds
contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs
functional groups
amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)
fat
glycerol and three fatty acids
saturated fats
bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room temp.
unsaturated fats
better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp.
steriods
lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones
phospholipids
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors
carbohydrates
used by cells for energy and stucture; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods])
proteins
made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels)
enzymes
catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy
competitve inhibtion
inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site
noncompetitive inhibition
inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind
pH
logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10 times more acidic than 5 hydrolysis
breaks down compounds by adding water
dehydration
two components brought together, producing H2O
endergonic reaction
reaction that requires input of energy
exergonic reaction
reaction that gives off energy
redox
electron transfer reactions
cell wall
found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects and shapes the cell
plasma membrane
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates what substances enter and leave a cell
ribosome
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein synthesis; form in nucleolus
smooth ER
found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
rough ER
found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
Golgi
found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
mitochondria
found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major energy-producing steps of respiration
lysosome
found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic compounds; serves as cell's stomach nucleus
found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for transcription, replication, and DNA
peroxisome
found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of alcohol
chloroplast
found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in plants
cytoskeleton
found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
vacuole
large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults of cells
centrioles
found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule separation apparatus that assits cell division in animal cells
fluid mosaic model
plasma membrane is selectively permeable phosolipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with cholesterol amoung the phospholipids
integral proteins
proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
diffusion
passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient (from high to low concentrations)
osmosis
passive movement of water from the side of low solute concentration to the side of high solute concentration
facilitated diffusion
assisted transport of particles across membrane (no energy input)
active transport
movement of substances against concentration gradient (low to high concentrations; requires energy input)
endocytosis
phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of vesicles
organic compounds
contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs
functional groups
amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH)
fat
glycerol and three fatty acids
saturated fats
bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room temp.
unsaturated fats
better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp.
steriods
lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones
phospholipids
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors
carbohydrates
used by cells for energy and stucture; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods])
proteins
made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels)
enzymes
catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy
competitve inhibtion
inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site
noncompetitive inhibition
inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind
pH
logarithmic scale; <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10 times more acidic than 5 hydrolysis
breaks down compounds by adding water
dehydration
two components brought together, producing H2O
endergonic reaction
reaction that requires input of energy
exergonic reaction
reaction that gives off energy
redox
electron transfer reactions
cell wall
found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects and shapes the cell
plasma membrane
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates what substances enter and leave a cell
ribosome
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein synthesis; form in nucleolus
smooth ER
found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
rough ER
found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
Golgi
found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface
mitochondria
found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major energy-producing steps of respiration
lysosome
found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic compounds; serves as cell's stomach nucleus
found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for transcription, replication, and DNA
peroxisome
found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of alcohol
chloroplast
found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in plants
cytoskeleton
found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
vacuole
large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults of cells
centrioles
found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule separation apparatus that assits cell division in animal cells
fluid mosaic model
plasma membrane is selectively permeable phosolipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with cholesterol amoung the phospholipids
integral proteins
proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
diffusion
passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient (from high to low concentrations)
osmosis
passive movement of water from the side of low solute concentration to the side of high solute concentration
facilitated diffusion
assisted transport of particles across membrane (no energy input)
active transport
movement of substances against concentration gradient (low to high concentrations; requires energy input)
endocytosis
phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of vesicles
