IFP Test 3.docx

investing in agricultural growth (6) - correct answer human capital, rural infrastructure, research, tech, irrigation, input markets government intervention... (2) - correct answer reduces risk and creates safety nets problems with subsidies - correct answer costly, unsustainable, erode production incentive multiplier - correct answer extent to which additional agricultural income results in higher income in other sectors staple vs non staple crops - correct answer crops for hhd consumption vs exports meat production increases - correct answer result of demand, livestock revolution, more animals rather than higher yield global food investments - correct answer * investments slowed * production levels increase but many areas are left behind * increases food insecurity, poverty, environmental deterioration cannot solve hunger with redistribution (4) - correct answer * traded food too expensive * bringing in free food would ruin farmer livelihood * infrastructure doesn't support transfer of this much food * "surplus" food does not exist best way to increase production - correct answer increase yield on existing feed (already well suited for production, preserves biodiversity and forests) IPM - correct answer integrated pest management - prevent pests before they are born reducing unit cost of production - correct answer lower prices for consumers and higher income for farmers (mechanization) organic farming - correct answer intended to be environmentally friendly but increased land and methane emissions offset gains primary incentive of organic farming, and drawback - correct answer price premium but low yields, hard to get certified tech adoption depends on - correct answer scalability participatory innovation system - correct answer involve more farmers in design smallholder farmers (3) - correct answer produce own food, buy more food than they sell, demand for meat grows faster than incomes risk management policies - correct answer market integration and price stabilization, incentivize so smallholders in line with long term goals, do not eliminate risk (disincentivizes basic safety measures) price volatility - correct answer reduces incentive to invest/take needed risk, civil unrest, food riots, reducing volatility inc the economy fixing price volatility - correct answer market info reduces variability, govt purchase and create emergency stock, govt support market mechanisms (coordination, cash/credit) full costing - correct answer private cost absorbing social cost/benefit (pos/neg externalities, revenues used to protect/enhance productive capacity triple goal - correct answer 1. producing enough food 2. reducing poverty and hunger 3. maintaining sustainability in NRM needs of impoverished in triple goal - correct answer short run needs long term goals private costs and benefits social cost and benefit reduce poverty to - correct answer reduce unsustainable use of resources green revolution - correct answer productivity growth on existing land, no harm from intensification rather misses and mismgmt crop yields with climate change - correct answer dec in tropical regions, inc in temperate regions -- enhance maldistribution and hunger in deficit regions and obesity in surplus regions food miles - correct answer consider full costing, not just transportation -- most NR damage from production/storage agriculture may contribute or be part of the solution - correct answer increased land cover sequesters carbon, biofuel production reduces fossil fuel consumption trade off of poverty, hunger, and sustainability goals (3) - correct answer 1. global food system meet growing demand -- sub national and manmade capital 2. between sustainability goals and other food system goals 3. social discount rate, current vs future welfare social discount rate - correct answer rate at which society is willing to trade present vs future consumption environment-poverty trap - correct answer resource depletion and lack of education -- low yield and soil degradation poor have high discount rates - correct answer unsustainable behavior to reduce poverty and hunger environmental Kuznets curve - correct answer * increase production leads to intense degradation * belong tipping pt: tech reduces harm, policy response, citizens demand more environmentally conscious processes -- tech innovation * knowledge and full costing bring curve down PP - correct answer polluter pays - entices least environmental damages PES - correct answer payment for environmental services - pos externalities, pas for preserving biodiversity, water, etc. full costing difficulties - correct answer * political/technological feasibility * hard to estimate cost * hard to enforce penalties on poorest individual who damage resources -- they are poorly integrate into markets and govt outreach (could subsidize) how to increase food supply (2) - correct answer 1. increase productivity * 2. increase land under cultivation (unsustainable)