Exam 7 Principles of Biology (Biol 198) Robbie Bear KSU

Exam 7 Principles of Biology (Biol 198) Questions And Answers Verified _____ are part of the adaptive immunity of an organism; and _____ are part of the innate immunity. - T cells; Natural killer cells _____ increase the surface area of the small intestine and function to _____. - Villi & microvilli; absorb nutrients from digested food _____ is a type of connective tissue and _____ is a type of epithelial tissue. - Bone; lining of the digestive tract _______ include monocytes (the precursor of macrophages) and lymphocytes (B and T cells). - Leukocytes A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter. - Synapse A pregnancy test is used to determine the presence of a particular molecule in urine. What is this molecule? - hGC (human Chorionic Gonadotropin) A sarcomere has parallel arrays of thick _____ filaments and thin _____ filaments. - myosin; actin Accessory organ that secretes bile into the gall bladder. The bile breaks down large fat molecules. This body part also removes toxins from the blood. - Liver Accessory organ that secretes major digestive enzymes (proteases, lipases, amylase, nucleases, etc) and bicarbonate (buffer) to neutralize the acidic contents of the stomach. Empties into the small intestine. - Pancreas Accessory organ that stores bile and secretes it into the small intestine. - Gall bladder After passing through the larynx, air goes to the ________. Its main function is to funnel the inhaled air to the lungs and the exhaled air back out of the body. - trachea After passing through the nasal cavity, the air enters the ______, or the throat. - pharynx After passing through the pharynx, air goes to the ________, or the voice box. - larynx All viruses have nucleic acids and proteins; however, some viruses have a third component. What is this component? - External membrane An _____ is a substance that is foreign to the body of an organism and that stimulates an immune response. - antigen Antibodies do what? - Bind pathogens and mark them for destruction by immune cells Based on the lipase/bile test tube experiment, what do you predict about fat digestion in a person who has had their gallbladder removed? - They couldn't digest as much fat because the gall bladder stores bile which increases the rate of lipid digestion. Be able to identify arteries, veins, and capillaries in the vertebrate cardiovascular system. - On 26.3 of the textbook. Be able to identify the major structures of the mammalian heart and know the blood flow. - On 26.3 of the textbook. Biochemically speaking, how do we eat? - We hydrolyze polymers down and transport these monomers into cells. Breathing and aerobic cellular respiration (ATP regeneration) are linked by movement of _____ through _____. - oxygen and carbon dioxide; circulatory system Briefly explain how amino acids are moved from the lumen of the small intestine to the circulatory system. - They move into the epithelial cell of the small intestine via transport proteins and they then enter the capillaries. Briefly explain how carbohydrates are moved from the lumen of the small intestine to the circulatory system. - Polysaccharides enter epithelial cell in the small intestine, then they enter the capillary. Briefly explain how fatty acids and glycerol are moved from the lumen of the small intestine into the lymphatic system and then to the circulatory system. - Components of lipids enter the epithelial cell via diffusion. They then form triglyceride, leave the cell via exocytosis into lacteal of lymph vessels. Cell fragments in the blood that are responsible for coagulation. - Platelets Cells in the blood that carry oxygen. - Red blood cells Cells in the blood that fight disease. - White blood cells Cellular response, when the cell begins doing the task directed by the hormone. - Induction Change in one direction initiates a response from the integrator that causes a change in the opposite direction. - Negative feedback loop Chemicals that are released by cells into body fluids (usually blood) and which act on target cells. - Hormones Compare and contrast arteries and veins with regard to structure and function. - Arteries carry oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary circuit) and are typically larger. Veins carry deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary circuit) and are typically smaller. Consists of glands and organs that produce and respond to hormones as a means of coordinating physiological processes to maintain homeostasis. - Endocrine system Deeper layer of skin consisting largely of fat (provides insulation) and other connective tissue. - Hypodermis Describe the chemicals contained in birth control pills and explain the function they have that prevents pregnancy. - The pill contains estrogen and progesterone, which prevent ovulation (when an ovary releases an egg). Digestion begins with mechanical breakdown in this body part. Carbohydrates are first digested here. - Mouth Digestive organ where H₂O, ions, vitamin K (produced by bacteria) are absorbed and wastes are eliminated. - Large intestine During inhalation, the air is first inhaled into the... - nasal cavity Erythrocytes are better know as... - red blood cells Explain the adaptive immune system in 4 steps. - 1. The macrophage engulfs the virus and sends the antigen to the surface of the cell. 2. The helper T cell binds to the antigen. 3. The T cell is activated and releases cytokines. 4. Depending on the cytokine released, either the humoral immune response or the cell mediated response is initiated. Explain the body's adaptive immunity. - Unlike the innate defense, it has specific responses. It defends against specific things to which the body has been previously exposed. Includes B cells and T cells. Explain the cell-mediated response of adaptive immunity in 5 steps. - 1. The macrophage engulfs the virus and sends the antigen to the surface of the cell. 2. The helper T cell binds to the antigen. 3. The T cell is activated and releases cytokines. 4. Depending on the cytokine released, either the humoral immune response or the cell mediated response is initiated. 5. Cytotoxic T cells are created and cloned. These cells have the same cell-surface receptors that are used to kill a certain virus. Explain the process of the production and release of each of the 4 male sex hormones. - 1. GnRH - Produced by hypothalamus. Triggers the release of FSH and LH. 2. FSH - Produced by pituitary. Stimulates spermatogenesis 3. LH - Produced by pituitary. Triggers the release of testosterone. 4. Testosterone - Produced in testes. Stimulates spermatogenesis and inhibits GnRH. Explain the process of the production and release of each of the 5 female sex hormones. - 1. GnRH - Produced by hypothalamus. Triggers release of FSH and LH. 2. FSH - Produced by pituitary. Stimulates growth of follicles and release of estrogen. 3. LH - Produced by pituitary. Spike causes ovulation. 4. Estrogen - Produced by ovaries. Causes spike in FSH and LH. Inhibits GnRH. 5. Progesterone - Produced by ovaries. Inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH. Stimulates growth of endometrium. Explain the three steps of urine pro