Pearson BTEC Unit 14: Physiological Disorders and their Care Learning Aim C: P3/P4/M3

Pearson BTEC Unit 14: Physiological Disorders and their Care Learning Aim C: P3/P4/M3. Since this disorder cannot be cured, there are only treatments in place to help reduce symptoms or prevent the risk of developing the disorder. Inhaler - Inhalers serve to ease symptoms and prevent new ones from arising. The two main types of inhalers are reliever inhalers, which are used when you need to relieve Asthma symptoms quickly, and preventer inhalers, which are used every day to reduce inflammation and sensitivity in your airways, which controls and prevents symptoms from occurring. Preventer inhalers must always be used even if the individual is not diagnosed with asthma but has on and off symptoms as it reduces the risk of developing asthma. If the reliever and preventer inhalers do not manage your asthma, you may require a combination inhaler, which is used every day to assist prevent symptoms from arising and to offer long-term relief if they do not. Steroid Inhalers – A steroid inhaler can also be given to individuals if they require something stronger. A steroid inhaler is given through a prescription and are also called preventer inhalers. They contain corticosteroid which is breathe in to reduce or prevent symptoms of chronic asthma. Since this disorder cannot be cured, there are only treatments in place to help reduce symptoms or prevent the risk of developing the disorder. Bisphosphonates - Bisphosphonates slow the rate that bone is broken down in your body. This maintains bone density and reduces your risk of a broken bone. There are several different bisphosphonates, including:  alendronic acid  ibandronic acid  risedronate  zoledronic acid They are given as a tablet, a liquid that you swallow, or an injection. Always take bisphosphonates on an empty stomach with a full glass of water. Stand or sit upright for 30 minutes after taking them. You will also need to wait between 30 minutes and 2 hours before eating food or drinking any other fluids. Bisphosphonates usually take 6 to 12 months to work, and you may need to take them for 5 years or longer. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) SERMs are medicines that have a similar effect on bone as the hormone oestrogen. They help to maintain bone density and Pearson BTEC Unit 14: Physiological Disorders and their Care Learning Aim C: P3/P4/M3 Sadia Taiba Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma in Health and Social Care Unit 14: Physiological Disorders and their Care 2 of 19 Leukotriene/ Theophylline – These both are main tablet used to help manage and control asthma by keeping airways open and clear, making it easier for the individual to breathe and prevent or completely stop symptoms such as dry, repetitive coughs as well as scratchy sensations in the throat. Biologic Therapies - This is a type of injection given to patients who suffer from severe and prolonged asthma. It helps the individual to quickly manage and control their symptoms which are often uncontrollable and can cause the individual hardship when carrying out daily tasks. This injection can only be carried out by an asthma specialist as this treatment does not comply with everyone, therefore, a specialist must be the only individual who can give out a complete this procedure. There are side effects which can occur such as slight aching and discomfort in the area which the injection was given. Complementary Therapies – There are various complementary therapies that can be given such as;  Breathing exercises – such as techniques called the Papworth method and the Buteyko method  Traditional Chinese herbal medicine  Acupuncture  Ionisers – devices that use an electric current to charge molecules of air  Manual therapies – such as chiropractic  Homeopathy  Dietary supplements Bronchial Thermoplasty – This is a procedure that may be offered as a treatment for severe asthma. It works well reduce the risk of fracture, particularly of the spine. Raloxifene is the only type of SERM (Selective oestrogen receptor modulators) available for treating osteoporosis. It is only recommended for women, after the menopause. It is taken as a daily tablet. Parathyroid hormone The body produces parathyroid hormone naturally. It controls the quantity of calcium in the bones. Treatments with parathyroid hormones (such as teriparatide) are used to activate cells that produce new bone. You take these once a day as an injection. Some medications can simply decrease the pace of bone weakening; however, parathyroid hormone can enhance bone density. Nevertheless, it is only used in a tiny percentage of persons with extremely poor bone density and after other therapies have failed. Biological medicines Biological medications are manufactured from proteins or other molecules that the body produces. Denosumab and romosozumab are two biological medications that can be used to treat osteoporosis. If you are unable to take other medications, such as bisphosphonates, or if you have severe osteoporosis, they may be prescribed. They operate by decreasing the rate at which your bones break down while increasing the rate at which your cells produce bone. They are administered by injection once a month or every few months. Calcium and vitamin D supplements Calcium is the most abundant mineral in bone, and getting adequate calcium as part of a healthy, balanced diet is essential for bone health. The recommended amount of calcium for most healthy individuals is 700 milligrams (mg) per day, which most people Sadia Taiba Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma in Health and Social Care Unit 14: Physiological Disorders and their Care 3 of 19 and there are no serious concerns about its safety. The individual will be sedated or put to sleep using a general anaesthetic during a bronchial thermoplasty. It involves passing a thin, flexible tube down your throat and into your lungs. Heat is then used on the muscles around the airways to help stop them narrowing and causing asthma symptoms. Lifestyle Changes – There may be complications with an individual’s lifestyle that may be placing them at increased risk of developing asthma or severe asthma. This could be issues such as smoking which reduces lung capacity and increases risk of asthma and other respiratory issues. Living in a high polluted area can also increase the risk asthma. Lastly, working in an environment with industrial dusts or chemical irritants could also increase the risk of developing asthma or a severe version of asthma. Support that can be used by asthma individuals National Support Ashma + Lung Support UK – This is a national lung health charity with a 5-year goal plan to help individuals change the perception on lung health through research, better understanding, treatment, and support. Individuals can access support through their helpline service which can be accessed via landline, , or email in operation for 24hrs, support groups, which be done remotely or in person by searching for your local area and how to deal with living with asthma and other lung conditions. Beat Asthma – This campaign has an ethos stating; should be able to achieve through a diversified diet that includes calcium-rich foods. If you have osteoporosis, you may require additional calcium, in the form of supplements. Consult your doctor before using calcium supplements. Vitamin D aids the body's absorption of calcium. Every adult should consume 10 micrograms of vitamin D every day. HRT (hormone replacement therapy) Women going through menopause can utilise HRT to assist reduce their symptoms. HRT has also been demonstrated to strengthen bones and lower the risk of osteoporosis. It can strengthen your bones and lessen your chance of fracturing a bone if you already have osteoporosis. If you suffer early menopause, meaning your periods cease before the age of 45, you need normally take HRT or a hormonal contraception until at least the age of 51. This raises your oestrogen levels, which helps protect you from osteoporosis and other health problems. Certain kinds of HRT may raise the risk of breast cancer. If you use HRT for an extended period, the risk increases. HRT pills (but not patches, gel, or spray) raise the risk of blood clots. The appropriateness of HRT for you is determined by your age, symptoms, and risk factors. If you are 60 or younger and experiencing menopausal symptoms, the advantages of HRT typically exceed the dangers. Treating a broken bone caused by osteoporosis The Royal College of Physicians' Strong Bones After 50 patient brochure (available for download from the Royal College of Physicians) contains information for persons who have broken a bone in a fall, as well as their relatives and carers. It defines a Sadia Taiba Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma in Health and Social Care Unit 14: Physiological Disorders and their Care 4 of 19 “All children and young people with asthma have the right to excellent asthma care that meets all national recommendations, irrespective of where they receive that care. Educating and supporting all who are involved in looking after children with asthma is fundamental in delivery of this care. Care needs to be seamless between services, with health professionals, teachers, families, and patients working together. Patients and families should be empowered to self-manage their asthma.” They also have resources catered to specific individuals such as;  Families & children  Young people with asthma  Schools  Primary Healthcare Professionals  Secondary Healthcare Professionals Local Support Adult Asthma Service – Stoke-on-Trent hold this service through the University Hospitals of North Midlands. The core aim of this service is to improve patient outcomes including decreased exacerbation frequency, measured by reductions in emergency visits, hospital admissions and oral steroid courses, as well as improved mortality, improved lung function and improved quality of life. Their objectives include ensuring people have the correct diagnosis and receive appropriate treatment, to identify and minimise exposure to aeroallergen, occupational triggers and smoking, to improve adherence to prescribed therapies using patient education and health psychology when required, to recognise, treat and where possible, prevent the complications of long-term oral corticosteroids and to decrease exacerbation frequency and improve patient quality of life through effective self-management and appropriate fragility fracture and the therapeutic options available. Surgery (vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty) These two surgeries are minimally invasive procedures that use thin tubes to inject orthopaedic bone cement into the affected vertebrae (back bones). In vertebroplasty, your surgeon will inject the bone cement directly into the weakened vertebrae via a thin tube. Support that can be used by individuals with osteoporosis National Support The Royal Osteoporosis Society ( The ROS are the is the UK’s largest national charity dedicated to improving bone health and beating osteoporosis. They do this by working with healthcare professionals and policymakers to implement practice and policy to help make strong and healthy bones for life. The research and development of new treatments, to beat osteoporosis together. They have a specialist nurse free help line as well as an email where individuals can call asking questions about their health. Individuals can also donate, support services, and fundraise. ROS also offer treatment types that will best suit the individual and their condition. Treatments range from pills and steroid supplements to injections and infusions. Although these are not invasive treatments, they are highly effective in reducing the primary fracture, pain, and inflammation. Firstly, the GP (General practitioners) will offer Alendronic Acid (Alendronate) which works by sticking to the calcium in the bones which stops the bone breaking down and making it stronger. However, alternative treatments can be offered if the initial treatment begins to wear off such as Sadia Taiba Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma in Health and Social Care Unit 14: Physiological Disorders and their Care 5 of 19 patient support including telephone clinics, rapid access review and other appropriate support when required. They hold several clinics; adult clinics are based in outpatients at Royal Stoke university Hospital, they hold a few Asthma clinics at RSUH for patients aged 17 years and over: consultant-led severe asthma clinic that is held on Thursday afternoon of each week with support from clinical Nurse Specialist and a Respiratory Registrar, Nurse led Asthma Clinic held every Monday and Friday mornings of each week, Nurseled Omalizumab clinic held each Wednesday throughout the Day, joint Asthma and Obstetric clinic held once per month on a Monday morning with the Asthma Clinical Nurse specialist and Obstetrics and a Joint respiratory Psychiatry Liaison clinic held once per month on a Tuesday morning with the Asthma clinical Nurse specialist and a psychiatrist. At the appointment, measurements will be taken such as heart rate, oxygen levels, peak flow, height, and weight and if required breathing and allergy tests will be taken, you will be reviewed alongside test results by the consultant, clinical nurse specialist or registrar and a management plan will be devised for each individual patient. This provision is suitable as it is a specialised clinic which helps adults manage and monitor their asthma. This is important as asthma in adults is more severe and life threating as the death rate for adult-onset asthma is significantly higher than the death rate for childhood asthma1 . Therefore, having this clinic in place will ensure that healthcare providers can spot early signs of asthma developing stronger dosages of weekly tablets or switching to injections such as Teriparatide. Building Strength Together (ealthandosteoporosis. org/patients/patient-support/supportgroups/) For over 35 years, the Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation (BHOF) has been committed to preventing osteoporosis and promoting awareness about bone health. Founded in 1984, BHOF has established itself as the nation's leading organisation dedicated solely to osteoporosis research, advocacy, education, and prevention. There are many ways individuals can access support through BHOF such as; 1 Sadia Taiba Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma in Health and Social Care Unit 14: Physiological Disorders and their Care 6 of 19 so that individuals do not ignore the symptoms and can receive support from members of the multidisciplinary team to manage and control their condition. Oxygen Clinic The oxygen clinic holds the UK’s first ever Normobaric chamber with the newest innovative technologies designed for optimum health and wellness, available for six days a week in five & six slots a day of two hours' time each. The normobaric  Join or start a BHOF Support Group  Find an osteoporosis-related event  Information for Caregivers  Newsletter Sign Up Form  Join BHOF online community They help individual’s suffering with OP by providing support groups both in real life and virtually where they can interact with others who are experiencing similar things and have a safe space to share advice, information, and firsthand experiences. They also provide subgroup categories such as how nutrition plays a role in OP and how to achieve peak bone mass alongside resources, they have available from Bone Source to Fracture Liaison Clinic