Exam for Chapter 7-9 QUESTION AND ANSWERS

At age 5, girls have a faster rate of physical maturation on the average than boys, due to ___________. More rapid bone growth on the average The large- scale PING study collected MRI data on over 1,100 participants and found which of the following general trends in brain development during early childhood? an increase in surface area and a decrease in cortical thickness The complexity and efficiency of neural networks are thought to improve during early childhood over levels in infancy due to __________. pruning of synapses and myelination of pathways between neurons Each of the following is a distinct aspect of executive functions in early childhood except Language comprehension Moriguchi and Hiraki used the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method to study links between executive functions and brain activity. They found that improvement from ages 3 to 4 in switching to a new rule in card sorting was associated with _____________. increases in brain activity in the inferior (lower) frontal areas In the preschool years, many complex movements, such as tracking a ball and kicking it during a soccer game, are built up from combination of simpler movements known as ____________. fundamental movement skills According to the dynamic systems theory, motor development depends on a variety of factors working together. Each of the following is a factor that affects motor development for a task such as kicking a ball, except ____________. fine motor control of wrists and hands According to Rhoda Kellogg's research, children progress through six universal stages of drawing at different rates, and their drawings are influenced by __________. culture A young child has not yet leaned to write will have an easier time learning to write with a pencil if she has previously _________________. experienced stringing beads According to Michel and colleagues' developmental cascade model of handedness development, ________________. Infants' experiences with using primarily one hand in early motor skills tend to lead to use of that hand for more complex motor skills at the next developmental phase According to the National Sleep Foundation Survey, which of the following is the most common sleep disturbance? Stalling before bedtime Which of the following is an effective way to get children to eat vegetables or other novel, healthy foods? Repeatedly offer the same food to the child over time A common complication of respiratory infections, particularly in preschools and child care centers, is _________________. otitis media Which of the following U.S. ethnic groups has the lowest rate of childhood injuries and fatalities? Asians/Pacific Islanders Which of the following statements about lead exposure in young children is true? The environment of inner-city, low-income children in the U.S. still contains elevated levels of lead. All of the following characteristics can combine to place caregivers at greater risk for committing physical or psychological abuse and neglect except ________________. Higher education level The idea behind the concept of _____________ as applied to abuse and neglect is that the experience of stress due to maltreatment leads to physiological or psychological effects at one age and creates negative behavior at a subsequent age. a developmental cascade Which of the following is likely to be direct developmental effect of an insecure or disorganized attachment in a child with history of maltreatment? Problems interacting with peers Physical abused children are able to discriminate among facial expressions but show unusual attentiveness to _____________ faces. angry Experimental interventions leading to more secure mother-child attachment relationships also affected children's cortisol levels. This implies that improving security of attachment might lead to ___________________. nearly normal cortisol levels and better adaptation to the stress in social environment CONTINUED.......