Bondige samenvatting van Inleiding Stadsgeografie (boek)

Korte, beknopte & bondige samenvatting van Inleiding
Stadsgeografie
Door Marte Vroom

Hoorcollege 1 – De historische stad
Hoofdstuk 3 – Urban form and structure
Studying urban form and structure

 Morphology: the form or shape of the city
 Harold Carter: complexity of urban form
 M.R.G. Conzen:
o Basic principles of urban morphological study
 Division of urban landscape, building form and land use
 Subdivision of city’s plan into streets, plots/blocks/open spaces and
building/block plans
 Recognition of individual plot as fundamental unit of analysis
o Conceptualization of developments in the urban landscape
 Recognition that different elements of urban landscape change at different
speeds over time
 Conceptualization of cycles of development at micro scale within plot
 Burgage cycle: general phenomenon of gradual plot infilling
 Conceptualization of phases of growth of city at macro scale
 Fringe belts
 Three principal strands of current interest:
o Work based on Conzen’s ideas has continued in Britain
o Renewed interest in culture in geography has focused attention on the symbolic
forms of urban landscape
o Researchers have become interested in the emergence of the new urban forms
linked to post-modernism and changes in the dominant forms of architecture in
cities

Urban origins

 Early urban development linked to changes in human societies beginning in Neolithic
period, associated with development of human control of environment
 Development of urban areas and populations seen to have provided stimulus for
agricultural development

The form of the pre-industrial city

 Forms of earliest cities often intimately linked to religious and cultural beliefs of particular
societies
 Gideon Sjoberg: model of the structure of the pre-industrial city
o Centre: prestige building, religious complexes and residences of social elite
o Concentric rings of decreasing social status span out from centre
 Vance: consideration of mercantile city

, o Importance of occupational sub-districts based on economic rather than purely
religious concerns

 Pedestrian cities
o Compact in size
o Narrow streets
o Organic in structure
 Burgage plots: typical structures where homes, workshops and storage areas were combined
in a single plot

The modern city

 Significant phases in human history
o Industrialization
o Colonialism

The industrial city

 University of Chicago was particularly influential
 Classical models of modern urban structure
o Burgess’ concentric zone model
 Social organism, ecological analogy of invasion and succession
 Social status and wealth increased towards the edge of the settlement, with
the best housing and wealthiest groups on the edge of the city
 Central business district: commercial functions
 Transitional zone: industry mixed with poor housing
o Hoyt’s sector model
 Pattern of sectors
 High status sectors could be found along routes radiating out from centre
and away from industrial zones
 Early variation of Burgess and Hoyt’s models: multiple nuclei model by Harris & Ullman
o Complex pattern of zones and sectors
o Lower status local authority housing on edge of cities
 Intervention by state, communism
o Camel back structure
 High density core
 Low density industrial zone
 High rise housing projects on the periphery
 Fringe belt: long-term development of urban areas to economic fluctuations, the role of
innovation and cycles of building in particular
 Urban expansion cyclical, with periods of rapid outward growth alternating with periods of
standstill
 Distant landscapes created by successive phases of suburban expansion
 More open and organic forms (Garden City movements)
 Key changes:
o Incorporation of garages into buildings
o Greater variety of dwelling types
 Breakthrough streets: accommodate new transport forms

, The colonial and post-colonial city

 New settlements led to abandonment of indigenous cities
 Dual city: retain distance between populations, juxtaposition of different urban forms
 Drakakis-Smith: idea distinct dualism too simplistic, in reality hybrid zones of indigenous and
colonial forms
 Post-colonial cities shaped by 2 key processes linked to colonial past
o Immediate post-colonial period has been driven by desire to modernize unfettered
by colonial restrictions
o Developing socio-economic structures different from western industrial cities

The post-modern city

 Post-Fordist
 Transition from modernity to post-modernity in advanced capitalist societies which have
taken place in many disciplines
 Los Angeles, California School, influential school of urban studies since 1970s
 More chaotic in structure, fragmenting into a series of independent settlements, economies,
societies and cultures
 Galactic metropolis: urban form as resembling a pattern of stars floating in space rather than
a unitary metropolitan development growing steadily outward from a single centre
 Patch-work model
 Ed Soja: 6 geographies of urbanization
o Restructuring economic base of urbanization
o Formation global system of world cities
o Emergence edge cities or exopolis
o Changing social structure of urbanization
o Rise of paranoid or carceral architecture based on protection, surveillance and
exclusion
o Radical change in urban imagery
 Fortress landscapes: landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and
exclusion
 Mike Davis: increasing obsession with control and protection
 Decentring of the city, development of multiple centres and rise of edge cities

Hoofdstuk 6 – Planning, regeneration and urban policy
Urban planning and policy traditions and approaches

 Plans and policies can have different roles
o Restrict
o Control/manage
o Facilitate
 Planning as a rational modern and technical response to unruly city, seeking to impose order
through recording, quantifying, mapping and designing
 Crisis in modernist planning