IB GLOBAL POLITICS DEVELOPMENT LATEST UPDATE GRADED A+

IB GLOBAL POLITICS DEVELOPMENT LATEST UPDATE GRADED A+ Development Development is a sustained increase in the standard of living and well-being of a level of social organization. Many consider it to involve increased income; better access to basic goods and services; improvements in education, healthcare, and public health; well- functioning institutions; decreased inequality; reduced poverty and unemployment; and more sustainable production and consumption patterns. The focus on development debates in contemporary global politics is on issues faced by developing countries, and on the imperative of shifting the focus from modernization (seen as Westernization). However, all societies and communities face questions questions about how to best promote well-being and reduce ill- being. Globalization Globalization is a process by which the world's local, national, and refional economies, societies, and cultures are becoming increasingly integrated and connected, The term refers to the reduction of barriers and borders, as people, goods, servies, and ideas flow more freelg between different parts of the world. Globalization is a process that has been raking place fro centuries but the pace has quickened in recent decades, facilitated by developments in transporatjon and communication technology, and powered by cheap energy. It is now widely acknowleged that globalization has both benefits and drawbacks and that its benefits are not evenly distributed. Inequality Inequality refers to a state of affairs where equality between people or groups of people is not realized and the consequent potential compromises of justice and liberty. Inequality often manifests itself through unequal access to resources that are needed to sustain life and develop individuals and communities. Consequently, the concept is closely connected to discussions of power and of who holds the rights to these resources and their proceeds. Inequality can be examined both as a phenomenon within and between societies. Sustainability Definitions of sustainability begin with the idea that development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Sustainability today has three fields of debate - environmental, sociopolitical, and economic. In global politics, mechanisms and incentives required for political institutions, economic actors, and individuals to take a longer term and more inclusive well-being perspective in their decision-making are particularly important. Brief History of Development Roscow's Model of Development Dependency Theory The Chicago Boys Structural Adjustment Programs Human Development Record Millenium Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals Rostow Model of Development Modernization Theory of the stages of economic growth Five stages of economic growth Traditional societies - such societies are characterized by rudimentary technology, pre-scientific values and norms, and a subsistence economy Preconditions for take-off - at this stage societies exhibit a degree of capital mobilization (banks and currency) and start to develop an entrepreneurial class Take-off - this happens when the norms of economic growth are well established and sector-led growth becomes commons Drive to maturity - this is characterized by growing economic diversification, greatly reduced poverty and rising living standards High mass consumption - at this stage, the economy is increasingly orientated around the production of modern consumer goods, with affluence becoming widespread Dependency Theory/World Systems Theory Dependency theory highlights the extent to which, in the post-1945 period, traditional imperialism gave way to neo-colonialism, sometimes viewed as "economic imperialism" or, more specifically, "dollar imperialism". Despite enjoying formal independence and sovereignty, developing world states continued to be subject to economic dependency, through for instance, unequal trade relations, the impact of TNCs and biases within bodies such as the IMF and the World Bank that favor the interests of industrially advanced states. The other key neo-Marxist sub-tradition is world system theory which portrays the world economy as an interlocking whole, composed of core,