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the acquisition of which 2 types of skills serve as the foundation of learning - answer-joint attention and imitation Which of the following is an example of responding joint attention - answer-one person seeing a lizard and asking another person to look at it which imitation skill might be the best to start with fo ra learner with a limited imitative repertoire? - answer-imitating gross motor actions Which of the following is a joint attention behavior that is often exhibited by individuals with autism? - answer-Not following the point of another person Initiating joint attention is when: - answer-An individual initiates a bid for attention What is one strategy that can be used to teach learners to initiate joint attention? - answer-Create an unusual or odd circumstance to which the person is likely to have a reaction True or False: Echoics can be addressed in both discrete trial and naturalistic intervention. - answer-True Which is another term for echoics? - answer-Vocal imitation Which of the following imitation skills is the most difficult for a person with autism? - answer-Imitating facial expressions Triadic eye gaze is: - answer-Two individuals sharing eye gaze on an object then looking at each other Which of the following kinds of imitation is associated with successful play with peers? - answer-Imitating other children's actions Why is imitating facial expressions particularly difficult for some individuals with autism? - answer-They avoid looking at faces When providing a discrete trial to teach motor actions with objects, which of the following is the most critical aspect? - answer-Modeling the action with the object 1. Measuring the rate of initiations and number of teacher prompts would give good data about the student's___________? - answer-Social motivation Cici loves to play with blocks but has little interest in being sung to. Her teacher decides to sing to her whenever Cici is playing with blocks so that the songs may also acquire reinforcing properties. This refers to what procedure? - answer-Stimulus-stimulus pairing What is the FIRST milestone likely to occur in typically developing children? - answer-smiling Ricky is sitting on the floor playing with blocks. Within a few feet are other children engaging with other toys, such as books and cars. What kind of play is this? - answer-parallel play One way to condition peers as reinforcers and encourage social interaction is to ____________. - answer-Have the child's peer deliver identified reinforcers, rather than the teacher. An interaction between two individuals is the definition of __________. - answer-social behavior We can assume social motivation is present when __________. - answer-A child spontaneously initiates. Read the following scenario: Carly answers a question correctly. Carly's teacher gives her a high five. In the future Carly answers more questions correctly. The high five is an example of what? - answer-Social reinforcement Sara is working on social referencing, her teacher says "Sara" while shaking a bottle of bubbles (which she loves!). In response, Sara looks at her teacher. What should happen next in the sequence? - answer-Her teacher should reinforce immediately with bubbles, and say "nice looking." Jenny is working on greetings and bringing materials to people. Which category of social skills is she most likely targeting? - answer-initiations The first step in Joint Attention is ___________. - answer-Teaching the student to respond to bids of another. If a shaping program is not moving forward and there are not questions about the effectiveness of reinforcers, what is likely to be the issue? - answer-Too much was expected too soon Which of the following statements is true regarding learning complex behaviors? - answer-Complex behaviors cannot be learned all at once Which of the following is true about chaining? - answer-It involves a step-wise progression of similar skills Walter can ride a bicycle and shoot a basketball through a hoop, but he cannot draw a picture of a dog. Which of the skills would you say are in Walter's "behavioral repertoire?" - answer-Riding a bicycle and shooting a basketball through a hoop Generalization across settings occurs when: - answer-The learner performs the behavior in different environments A time delay method for fading prompts would be: - answer-Delay the delivery of prompts and wait for the person to respond Although components of shaping programs sometimes need to be retaught, shaping always moves: - answer-In a forward direction Backward chaining involves: - answer-Teaching the ending steps to the chain first and then teaching earlier steps Which of the following is an illustration of most-to-least prompting? - answer-Partial physical, gestural, visual, modeling If a behavior is maintained: - answer-Then the individual continues to perform it after intervention has stopped Which of the following could be a successive approximation for shaping the behavior of "having a conversation"? - answer-Saying "hello" to another person Which best describes a task analysis? - answer-Target behaviors broken down into steps Why is it important for learners to generalize new behavior? - answer-So they can use it in a meaningful way across different situations True or False: If the child starts engaging in task avoidance because the reinforcement grew too thin, we should bring reinforcement back to a very dense schedule within that sitting. - answer-False True or False: Instructions (SDs) should be delivered in a variety of ways. - answer-True The "knowns" serve all of the following purposes, except... - answer-they are used to keep reinforcement very thin. During error correction, after you represent the SD with a prompt, you should... - answer-represent the same instruction (SD) to test if the prompt was effective enough to teach them to get it right on their own. All the following factors should be considered when determining which skills to target EXCEPT... - answer-skills that are easiest for the instructor to teach. What is a very common type of data used in ITT that takes little time? - answer-Cold probe In ITT, the format is: - answer-Sd/Instruction-->Response. Errorless Teaching uses a _________ to ____________prompt hierarchy. - answer-most/least When our learner is on a roll with responding, reinforcement should be... - answer-continued at current levels or increased. Using transfer trials will help eliminate________________ - answer-prompt dependency. The following is an example of which transfer procedure? SD: Point to the cat? R: child points to cat SD: What is it? (holding cat card) R: child says "cat." - answer-Listener response to tact transfer When teaching in ITT, the goal is to fade the frequency of reinforcement from a(n) ___________schedule to a(n)__________schedule. - answer-continuous/intermittent In the normal progression in ITT, materials go from being... - answer-an orderly to messy array. 1. Spontaneous recovery refers to: - answer-Sudden reoccurrence of behavior that was extinguished 2. Which of the following is an example of a motivating operation? - answer-Jan is hungry, so she works harder to get crackers as a reward. 3. Under which of the following circumstances should extinction not be used? - answer-When it could cause harm to the individual or others in the environment 4. In which situations are differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) used? - answer-Behaviors that are acceptable at low rates 5. What is the difference between differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) and differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)? - answer-The replacement behavior selected in DRA does not have to be incompatible with the problem behavior. 6. Which of the following functions of behavior involves avoiding a task or interaction? - answer-escape 7. At what point should a behavior reduction plan be considered? - answer-When environmental variables for behavior are ruled out 8. Differential reinforcement works by: - answer-Reinforcing only the behaviors that should be increased while removing reinforcement from behaviors that should be decreased. 9. Which of the following is an example of positive punishment? - answer-Telling someone "no" when they are about to run into the street 10. What is the best course of action to take in the event of an extinction burst? - answer-Continue the intervention. 11. Escape extinction works by: - answer-Not allowing the individual to escape what they were trying to avoid 12. The quote "All behavior has a communicative intent" (Carr, 1977) can be best explained by the statement: - answer-Behavior always serves a purpose for the person engaging in the behavior. 13. Which of the following could ensure that an intervention involving the use of punishment is effective? - answer-Collecting and reviewing intervention data 1. The 4 basic conditions set up in a functional analysis are: - answer-Alone, attention, demand, and tangible 2. Which of the following can RBTs do in relation to implementing intervention plans? - answer-Collect data on the effectiveness of the plan 3. Reinforcing behaviors that are incompatible with hitting would fall under which component of a behavior intervention plan? - answer-Consequence strategies 4. Variables that are in operation before the display of a behavior and are related to the behavior are: - answer-Setting events 5. Which of the following could be a replacement behavior for cutting in line? - answer-Teaching to stand in line and wait 6. Behavioral function tries to explain: - answer-Why the behavior is happening 7. Placing a soft object near a person's fist to block a hit is a: - answer-Consequence strategy 8. Which of the following could be a prevention strategy for a behavior that involves throwing items? - answer-Minimizing the number of items that could be thrown 9. Which of the following behaviors might serve a "gain attention" function? - answer-Making silly noises 10. Michelle is an RBT who is teaching a mother how to implement a visual schedule for her child. What is Michelle doing? - answer-Training a parent how to implement an intervention 11. Which of the following is a consequence intervention involving punishment? - answer-Taking away a token 12. Consequence interventions involve: - answer-Reinforcing desired behaviors and reducing the display of undesirable behavior 13. Why are prevention strategies a valuable part of behavior intervention plans? - answer-They decrease the likelihood that an undesirable behavior will get reinforced 14. Behavior intervention plans that work: - answer-Reduce problem behavior and increase desirable behavior 1. Which of the following data recording procedures is best used for behaviors that have a clear ending and beginning, do not occur throughout an interval, but still occur at high rates? - answer-Partial interval 2. Why would the prompt level necessary to perform the skill be an important part of data collection? - answer-Skills performed with prompts are not mastered until they are performed without prompts 3. Which of the following is true about data collection? - answer-It is the foundation for creating behavioral interventions. 4. The x axis on a graph is: - answer-Horizontal and is also called the abscissa 5. If data indicate that progress is not being made, which of the following questions could be asked? - answer-Is the skill program being delivered effectively? 6. Why is it important to record data as close to the time the behavior actually occurred as possible? - answer-So the data will be more likely to reflect an accurate picture of the behavior 7. A disadvantage of bar graphs is: - answer-The variability of data can be lost. 8. Which of the following is a discontinuous data recording procedure? - answer-Whole interval recording 9. A trend that ascends from left to right means: - answer-A behavior is increasing 10. If a learner is requiring more and more prompting to perform a skill, the first concern is: - answer-The learner is becoming prompt dependent. 11. Which of the following describes how probe data is collected? - answer-Collect data on the first 3 trials and if responding is independent, discontinue data collection. 12. Which of the following is a drawback of probe data? - answer-It is less accurate. 13. The process of defining target behaviors using a precise definition is called: - answer-Operationally defining the behavior 14. Data collected during naturalistic teaching should always include information about: - answer-Target behaviors, prompt levels needed, and activities 15. Why are trends sometimes necessary to include on line graphs? - answer-Data paths are not always clear 1. Which is the most important reason for RBTs to be active listeners? - answer-So they can understand and act on what is delivered in the message 2. If you are in a meeting discussing an individual you work with, which of the following is the most important to do? - answer-Take notes and listen attentively 3. How would you know if you have successfully paired yourself as a reinforcer? - answer-If the learner approaches you and the session easily 4. Which of the following may be necessary to create for a functional skills intervention session? - answer-Visual task analysis 5. To achieve momentum during a discrete trial session, you must: - answer-Deliver discriminative stimuli (SD) quickly 6. Which of the following is important to do before starting a group intervention? - answer-Establish a group goal and align individual goals with those of the group 7. Which of the following is an example of how to interact with your supervisor? - answer-Be friendly, ask for assistance when needed, ask questions, and welcome feedback. 8. When delivering a naturalistic intervention in public, it is important to: - answer-Minimize attention drawn to prompting or redirection 9. Being punctual means: - answer-Arriving 5 to 10 minutes early to prepare 10. Which of the following is an example of discretionary effort as defined by Daniels (2000)? - answer-Susanna performs housekeeping duties and organizes materials without being asked. 12. Which of the following statements is true regarding dressing for the job? - answer-Dress for the environment and follow company dress codes. 13. Which of the following interventionist actions is likely to be observed during naturalistic intervention? - answer-Allowing the learner to approach a reinforcing item but blocking access until they respond to a discriminative stimulus (SD) 14. When delivering a discrete trial session, which is the most important reason to minimize distractions in the environment? - answer-So the learner can focus on what they are being asked to do