Bio 150 Final keck UTK Completely Solved!!
Evolution - ANSWER populations of organisms and their cellular components have changed over time through both selective and non-selective evolutionary processes
structure and function - ANSWER all living systems are made of structural components whose arrangement determines the function of the systems
information flow and storage - ANSWER info and signals are used within and among organisms to direct their functioning
transformations of flow and energy - ANSWER all living things use, acquire, and release
matter and energy for cellular/organismal functioning
systems - ANSWER living systems are interconnected and interact and influence each other on multiple levels
how are bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes related - ANSWER related by a last universal common ancestors LUCA
7 criteria for life - ANSWER 1. organization: one or more cells
2. Metabolism: energy and material flow
3. Growth: accumulation
4. Homeostasis: maintaining a relatively constant state internally
5. Response to stimuli: Altering actions to maintain homeostasis
6. Adaptation: Change through time
7. Reproduction: Production of offspring similar to parents
earth formed - ANSWER 4.5 billion years ago
crust solidified - ANSWER 4 billion years ago
we find the oldest fossils or microorganisms - ANSWER 3.5 billion years ago
prokaryotes dominant between - ANSWER 3.5 - 2 billion years ago
protobionts - ANSWER -precursor of very early life
-resemble very simple cells
-microspheres composed of inorganic and organic molecules trapped inside of a lipid bilayer membrane
-microspheres form spontaneously and can replace by pinching off new spheres endosymbiosis theory - ANSWER evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms
endosymbiotic relationships - ANSWER -mutually beneficial between host and internal organism
-protists
-invertebrates
prokaryotic cells - ANSWER -organisms lack membrane-bound organelles
-are almost all unicellular
-lack histones in their DNA
-circular DNA
prokaryotic replication - ANSWER -occurs in cytoplasm
-occurs quickly
-single origin of replication
-finals product 2 circular DNA's
eukaryotic cells - ANSWER -organisms have cells with membrane-bound organelles
-nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cell wall, mitochondria
eukaryotic replication - ANSWER -occurs in nucleus -relatively slow
-multiple origins of replication
-final product 2 sister chromatids
bacteria vs. archaea - ANSWER both secrete sticky substances that form a protective layer and enable them to adhere to substrates
3 types of bacteria and archaea - ANSWER 1. flagellum - basal apparatus rotates the flagellum and propels the cell
2. corkscrew movement of spirochete
3. glide over jets of slimy secretions
aerobic: use of oxygen - ANSWER -obligate
-facultative
anaerobic: no use of oxygen - ANSWER -obligate
-facultative
archaea are prokaryotic cells - ANSWER -cytoplasmic membrane
-cell wall
-no true nucleus
-no organelles with membranes
-archaea are mostly unicellular and microscopic
-cytoplasmic membrane
Evolution - ANSWER populations of organisms and their cellular components have changed over time through both selective and non-selective evolutionary processes
structure and function - ANSWER all living systems are made of structural components whose arrangement determines the function of the systems
information flow and storage - ANSWER info and signals are used within and among organisms to direct their functioning
transformations of flow and energy - ANSWER all living things use, acquire, and release
matter and energy for cellular/organismal functioning
systems - ANSWER living systems are interconnected and interact and influence each other on multiple levels
how are bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes related - ANSWER related by a last universal common ancestors LUCA
7 criteria for life - ANSWER 1. organization: one or more cells
2. Metabolism: energy and material flow
3. Growth: accumulation
4. Homeostasis: maintaining a relatively constant state internally
5. Response to stimuli: Altering actions to maintain homeostasis
6. Adaptation: Change through time
7. Reproduction: Production of offspring similar to parents
earth formed - ANSWER 4.5 billion years ago
crust solidified - ANSWER 4 billion years ago
we find the oldest fossils or microorganisms - ANSWER 3.5 billion years ago
prokaryotes dominant between - ANSWER 3.5 - 2 billion years ago
protobionts - ANSWER -precursor of very early life
-resemble very simple cells
-microspheres composed of inorganic and organic molecules trapped inside of a lipid bilayer membrane
-microspheres form spontaneously and can replace by pinching off new spheres endosymbiosis theory - ANSWER evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms
endosymbiotic relationships - ANSWER -mutually beneficial between host and internal organism
-protists
-invertebrates
prokaryotic cells - ANSWER -organisms lack membrane-bound organelles
-are almost all unicellular
-lack histones in their DNA
-circular DNA
prokaryotic replication - ANSWER -occurs in cytoplasm
-occurs quickly
-single origin of replication
-finals product 2 circular DNA's
eukaryotic cells - ANSWER -organisms have cells with membrane-bound organelles
-nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cell wall, mitochondria
eukaryotic replication - ANSWER -occurs in nucleus -relatively slow
-multiple origins of replication
-final product 2 sister chromatids
bacteria vs. archaea - ANSWER both secrete sticky substances that form a protective layer and enable them to adhere to substrates
3 types of bacteria and archaea - ANSWER 1. flagellum - basal apparatus rotates the flagellum and propels the cell
2. corkscrew movement of spirochete
3. glide over jets of slimy secretions
aerobic: use of oxygen - ANSWER -obligate
-facultative
anaerobic: no use of oxygen - ANSWER -obligate
-facultative
archaea are prokaryotic cells - ANSWER -cytoplasmic membrane
-cell wall
-no true nucleus
-no organelles with membranes
-archaea are mostly unicellular and microscopic
-cytoplasmic membrane
