Building construction test 1 with 100% correct answers 2024.

the basic requirements for a building - answer-is to create an indoor environment different from the outdoors owners - answer-architects clients, conceive, finance, and usually own the building design professionals - answer-designs the construction project, usually an architect but can be an engineer. determine legal, financial, and other constraints on a project design, they design the project, produce contract documents constructor (builder) - answer-erect construction projects, general contractors, trade or sub-contractors -title block -scale -symbols and lines -dimensions -notes - answer-components of drawings (plans) title block - answer-are present on each page and contain project name, project location, client name, architect name, consultant name, issue block, architect's seal, date, sheet title, sheet number page numbers - answer-are numbered in sequential order with a letter designator to signify what type of drawing it is A1- architectural pages S1- structural pages P1- plumbing pages M1- mechanical pages E1- electrical pages scale - answer-ratio of size drawing object to its actual size symbols - answer-allow easy dimensioning of multiple columns places at the same distance from a given wall, cross reference cuts such as elevation, building section, wall sections. and column center lines ` benchmarks - answer-are used to specify the elevation above mean sea level for various items. Property boundary corners, floor elevations, detail placement notes - answer-are placed where needed on plan pages, give specifications on design details, materials, how the materials are to be installed site plans - answer-shows the site boundary location, building perimeter and elevation, surveyed center lines of the land and true north. -overhead view of construction site -lot boundaries -existing structure or features -topography contours -any required setbacks -compass direction foundation plan - answer-show placement of perimeter footing, isolated footing, reinforcement placement, any notes floor plans - answer-overhead view showing room layout and use, where doors and windows are located, and fixtures, cabinets, and built ins roof plans - answer-overhead view of roof system, illustrates drainage and show placement of roof drains reflected ceiling plan - answer-convey to contractors exactly how the ceiling is supposed to look. the ceiling in the plans is a mirror image of what you would see if you were standing in the room looking up specialty plans - answer-over-simplified floor plans that show mechanical locations, plumbing installations, electrical position and installation exterior plans - answer-plans show the front, side, and rear exterior of the building. shows what the finished building with doors and windows looks like from each face building sections - answer-shows hidden details by cutting an imaginary line through the middle of the building and shows all major elements of construction wall sections - answer-exterior wall construction will vary from project to project a cross section of the wall - answer-shows the contractor exactly how material placement is to be done. exterior finish material, an air space, framing system interior elevations - answer-show individual walls in the rooms, begin at the finished floor and end at the finished ceiling details - answer-highlight specific areas of construction, foundation connections, door assemblies, window installations. is used when you need to visualize complex materials placement schedules - answer-charts that list quantities and type. door and window schedules, room-finish schedule, fixtures, hardware rendering - answer-give a pictorial type of view of what the finished building will look like, provides the ability to "walk through" the building and catch any discrepancies that were not apparent in the 2-D drawings material standards - answer-constituents, physical properties, and performance product standards - answer-acceptable thickness, widths, lengths and methods of joining various materials design standards - answer-american concrete institute is what kind of standard workmanships standards - answer-installing material, products, and any system ASTM test- method standards - answer-testing materials and systems ASTM trade association - answer-organization of individual manufactures engaged in the production, supply, or installation of materials, or services of a similar nature and part of the private industry standards standard-setting and testing agencies - answer-setting private industry standards or testing of materials to ensure that they comply with established standards American National standard institute - answer-approve standards developed by other organizations underwriting labs. - answer-test for safety of materials to life and property consumer product safety commission - answer-use of potentially hazardous materials department of commerce - answer-standards for lumber and plywood department of house and urban development - answer-property standard for one and two family dwelling national institutes of standards and technology - answer-metric standards, technology, nanomaterials, computer chips, electronic health records zoning codes - answer-requirements for land use zoning ordinances - answer-system of land use regulations, controlled by counties and municipalities and divided into zones, certain types of buildings and specific residences or buisness common ordinance zones - answer--agricultural -residential -commercial -industrial -mixed use types of residential zones - answer--single family house -two family duplex -multi- family, apartments deed restrictions - answer-define minimum lot size, off street parking requirements, maximum building heights, setback requirements building codes - answer-developed to protect occupants, establish standards, builder can exceed the standards, code adoption varies by state, county, and municipalities across the U.S. model building codes - answer-developed to provide model for adoption by local building code officials the national builders code - answer-the code used for the eastern U.S. the uniform building code - answer-the code used for the west/midwest U.S. the standard building code - answer-the code used for the southeast U.S. international residential code - answer-developed for one and two family dwelling townhouses up to 3 stories a comprehensive code that covers building, plumbing, mechanical, and electrical architectural barriers - answer-physical conditions that make a building unsafe or confusing or that prevent physically handicapped people from using them - aggregate -portland cement -water -admixture - answer-concrete consist of what fine aggregate - answer-what type of aggregate is sand coarse aggregate - answer-what type of aggregate is crushed stone mortar - answer-concrete that is missing aggregate portland cements - answer-made of lime from limestone or seashells, iron, silica, and alumina from clay or shale air entrainment - answer-microscopic air bubbles that take up 1-8 percent and increase workability and reduce freezing/thawing damage heat hydration - answer-a type of curing process which is the chemical process that occurs in the concrete water reducing agents - answer-allows decreasing water while maintaining strength accelerating/retarding - answer-speed up/slow down curing process super plasticizers - answer-allows decreases water with free characteristics fly-ash - answer-increases strength with less permeability, increased pumpability and workability silica fume - answer-100x stronger than portland, increased strength and decreased permeability high slump - answer-two wet, easier to place but decreases in strength low slump - answer-too dry, increased strength but hard to place and potentially contains voids reinforcement objective - answer-place steel rebar where tensile forces are located concrete and steel - answer-work together because they expand and contract at the same rate in varying temperatures rebar marking - answer-are stamped with bar size, mill, steel type, and steel grade. grades 40,50,60 ( most common) represent bar strength selecting rebar - answer-calculations are made to find the needed steel cross-sectional area to hold the forces find arrangement - answer-is based on physical space available, required to cover, clear spacing between bars for aggregate and convenience of fabricants welded wire fabric - answer-is a grid of wires spaced from 2-12 inches typically used to reinforce slabs heavy WWF - answer-is used on concrete walls and structured slabs for reinforcement fiber reinforced concrete - answer-contains fibrous material that increases structural integrity hooks - answer-prevent rebar from pulling out near the end of structure stirrups - answer-prevent vertical shear forces chairs and bolsters - answer-support bars in beams and slabs lap splicing - answer-where two bars must be spliced to meet along dimensions or multiple stories. are overlapped at a specified number of bar diameters, this length transfers the force from one bar to the next using the surrounding concrete end splicing - answer-for heavy rebar columns, there is no room for splices and mechanical or welded ____ must be used reinforcing a simple beam - answer-to reinforce a _________ you must place reinforcement in locations of highest tensile stress, the highest tension is on the bottom side of the beam. also has high stress near the ends reinforcing a slab - answer-the slab due to its width in both direction, bends on the perpendicular direction reinforcing a column - answer-use column bars and ties to reinforce what column bars - answer-a large diameter bars for compressive loads, tensile if in wind ties - answer-small diameter to prevent outward buckling (also in spirals but more expensive) why do you pre-stressing concrete - answer-after concrete is poured around rebar and cured, the steel will elongate under the load creating cracks on the tension side of the member pre-stressing - answer-puts all the concrete in a member into compressive forces and increases the members strength -pre-tensioning -post-tensioning - answer-what are two types of pre-stressing pre-tensioning - answer-high strength steel strands are initially stretched, concrete is poured and cured (adhering to strands) before tension is released post-tensioning - answer-concrete is poured and cured around steel or plastic tubes, then high-strength strands are stretched tight (usually done on the job) post-tensional concrete - answer-even higher strength can be obtained if the strands follow closely to the lines of tensile force setback - answer-distance a building can be from a property boundary easement - answer-legal right held by one party to make us of the land of another right of way - answer-legal right of a user to pass along a specific route through grounds of property belonging to another site assessment (analysis - answer-is the process of studying how to situate a building, layout, and orient its spaces, and establish its relationship to the landscape land surveying - answer-provides detailed information required to assure that sire preparations and construction coordinate the new work with existing work property surveying - answer-established property boundaries existing condition survey - answer-utilities, infrastructure, built structures topography survey - answer-area surface features in relief construction survey - answer-establish the exact locations, building points and elevation environmental assessment - answer-a report prepared for the building site that identifies potential existing environmental contamination thermographic mass construction - answer-adobe, rammed earth, or rendered masonry are examples of what vented roof - answer-allows air to naturally circulate through the attic by convection and can reduce the total solar heat gain on the typical home by 3 to 5 percent site plans - answer-detailed drawings that show the proposal improvement for a site development project storm water control - answer-a site work activity, natural or artificial removal of surface or subsurface water from development area demolition - answer-a site work activity, preparing for new construction may induce break down or removal or existing buildings, roadways, parking areas, and any below grade elements site remediation - answer-a site work activity, result in long-term benefits for the building site by preventing erosion, generates productive soils, restoring natural habitat, and removes toxic substances grading - answer-earthwork, altering a sites landform, usually by means of heavy equipment to provide level area for structures, create movement paths, and create drainage and landscape features sheeting - answer-earthwork, sheet piles, lagging, slurry walls used to support the excavation paving - answer-earthwork, used for roadways and parking utilities - answer-earthwork, water, sewer, gas, electrical, and fire hydrants -vertical or lateral -static (non-moving) or dynamic (moving) -concentrated at a point or uniform - answer-what are the different loads associated with foundations dead load - answer-a load classification: arcs constantly, includes the weight of the superstructure, calculated by summing the total weight of materials used in construction, is assumed to be uniform and static live load - answer-variable periodic, and sometimes moving, is static or dynamic foundations - answer-should be able to carry all the expected loads with a reasonable safety factor tension - answer-forces that pull and tend to increase length compression - answer-forces that push and decrease length shear force - answer-forces that work in opposite direction parallel with the plane of the force causing adjacent parts of the material to shear past one another free body diagram - answer-used to show magnitude and direction of force cantilever - answer-an unsupported beam that is usually a balcony or porch modules of elasticity - answer-proportional constant between stress and strain, material property that indicates stiffness moment of inertia - answer-measure of a beams stiffness with respect to its cross-section -basements -crawlspaces -slabs - answer-what are the three types of foundations