Summary FNDH 400 Final Exam Topics to Know

Summary FNDH 400 Final Exam Topics to Know. Macronutrients, Micronutrients · Macronutrients Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Water · Micronutrients Vitamins, Minerals what a "calorie," as used by the public, represents Food energy is measured in kilocalories (kcals), commonly referred to as calories by general public what nutrients provide energy and how much Carbs (4), Proteins (4), Lipids (9), Alcohol (7) functional foods, phytochemicals, and zoochemicals · Functional foods: beyond traditional nutrients, often rich source of photochemical or zoochemical or contain more of certain nutrient than normal foods · Phytochemicals: plants, health benefits beyond traditional nutrients · Zoochemicals: animals, compounds in animals believed to provide health benefits beyond traditional nutrients Cross-Sectional Studies compare different populations at the same point in time (take snapshot of two different populations to compare them to one another). (Present) EX: A researcher examines the relationship between exercise and cancer risk in states across the United States. Case-Control Studies look at a group of cases (ex: people with a disease) vs. controls (ex: people without the disease). (Looking at past) (present-past) EX: A researcher collects questionnaires from individuals diagnosed with cancer and individuals without cancer on past exercise habits to see if there is a difference between the groups. Prospective Cohort Studies group of subjects, general prospective, follow over time (ex: filled out questionnaire on your current dietary habits and are then followed into the future to see if you develop osteoporosis) (present-future) Clinical Trial "gold standard" research method, scientifically controlled study using consenting people to find safety and effectiveness of different items/regimes (present-future) EX: A researcher divides subjects into a group that is assigned to an exercise program and another to a stretching regimen to determine if exercise can decrease cancer risk. rank the different forms of nutrition evidence Systematic Literature Reviews (multiple trials) Clinical Trials Cohort Case-Control Cross-Sectional Animal Studies In vitro What are the Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: (1 sugar) Disaccharides: (2 sugars; 2 mono & hydration reaction) Monosaccharides? 1. Glucose (6) - product of photosynthesis, major source of energy in body 2. Fructose (5) - found in fruits and drinks 3. Galactose (6) - not found in nature Disaccharides? 1. Sucrose (alpha) - has calories, (glucose + fructose) 2. Maltose (alpha) - (glucose + glucose) 3. Lactose (beta) - (glucose + galactose) What are the Complex Carbohydrates? Oligosaccharides: (3-10 sugars) cant digest alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds Polysaccharides: (10 sugars) Oligosaccharides? 1. Raffinose 2. Stachyose Polysaccharides? 1. Starch -Amylose (1-4 linear) -Amylopectin (1-4) + (1-6) -Glycogen (linear with branches) 2. Glycogen: storage form in animals (1-4) & (1-6) 3. Most Fibers (indigestible) Differences between the individual monosaccharides and disaccharides? Monosaccharides: 1 sugar Glucose & Galactose = 6 member ring Fructose = 5 member ring Disaccharides: 2 sugars, produced from 2 monosaccharides Difference/similarity of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose; know how these differences/similarities impact expected outcomes from consuming them? Similarity: contains 1 monosaccharide Difference: Glucose and fructose are free in high-fructose corn syrup, rather than bonded together like sucrose what sugar alcohols are and why they are a good option for products like chewing gum Sugar alcohols are not fermented by the bacteria on the tooth surface notable features of the alternative sweeteners Aspartame: PKU issue Stevia, Lup Han Guo: both found in nature