APHY 102 Final Exam with correct Answers
what regulates pituitary secretion?
hypothalamus, other brain areas, and feedback from target organs
What is a hormone?
a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as
blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
How do hormones work?
1) They are molecular triggers that can only influence specific cells, called Target Cells.
2) They will either stimulate or inhibit a specific action.
3) They are released from ductless organs.
4) Travel slowly through bloodstream.
What is glucagon?
A hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose is low.
What is insulin?
Insulin is a hormone which converts glucose into glycogen (when blood sugar levels are
too high)
How are pheromones different than hormones?
Pheromones are a type of hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big
role in physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body?
Inhibin is a hormone that occurs in both men and women. In women, the hormone is
secreted in the ovaries, and acts to prevent the synthesis and secretion of follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH actually stimulates the secretion of inhibin, so the
latter hormone is part of a feedback mechanism to prevent an overabundance of FSH.
Both males and females produce FSH and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
and inhibin prevents this release in both genders. Promotes spermatogenesis in males.
What is the paracrine gland?
a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only neighboring cells
what is the autocrine?
Works on itself
ex. thymosin and thymopoietin
what is endocrine gland?
Glands with NO ducts that secrete directly into the body.
What is the exocrine gland?
Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto surfaces, such as the skin or the
lining of the digestive tract
What is diabetes mellitus?
A disease in which the body does not produce or respond properly to insulin
What is diabetes insipidus?
a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
What are steroid hormones?
cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets
what is normal blood?
, 7.35-7.45
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
If the mother is Rh-, her immune system treats Rh+ fetal cells as if they were a foreign
substance. The mothers body makes anti bodies against the fetal blood cells.
What antigens can be found on RBC?
Antigens A, B, AB, or none.
what antibodies can be found in the plasma?
Antibodies A, B, AB, or none.
describe the different leukocytes and their origins.
Compare the formed elements of the blood.
1) Red blood Cells (erythrocytes) - 99.9%
2)White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - 0.1%
3) Platelets - 0.1 %
describe the steps in clot formation.
1. You get a cut (wound) and then you have RBC, platlets and clotting factors floating
around.
2. Blood cells and fluid escape the wound.
Exposed collagen fibers start the clotting process.
3. Exposed platelets start to adhere to the wound area and release chemicals that
attract more platlets.
4.Platlet plug stops external bleeding.
5. Clotting factor increases and causes fibrin to attach and block/seal the wound like a
bandaid would.
6. The wound heals and the clotting fibrin and platlets dissolve after it has been sealed
What blood type is the universal donor?
Type O
What blood type is the universal recipient?
Type AB
if your blood type is O positive
You can give to:
O+, A+, B+, AB+
Receive from:
O+
O-
if your blood type is A positive
You can give to: A+, AB+
You can receive from: A+, A-, O+, O-
if your blood type is B positive
You can give to: B+, AB+
You can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-
if your blood type is AB positive
you can give to:
AB+ ONLY
what regulates pituitary secretion?
hypothalamus, other brain areas, and feedback from target organs
What is a hormone?
a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as
blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
How do hormones work?
1) They are molecular triggers that can only influence specific cells, called Target Cells.
2) They will either stimulate or inhibit a specific action.
3) They are released from ductless organs.
4) Travel slowly through bloodstream.
What is glucagon?
A hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose is low.
What is insulin?
Insulin is a hormone which converts glucose into glycogen (when blood sugar levels are
too high)
How are pheromones different than hormones?
Pheromones are a type of hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big
role in physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body?
Inhibin is a hormone that occurs in both men and women. In women, the hormone is
secreted in the ovaries, and acts to prevent the synthesis and secretion of follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH actually stimulates the secretion of inhibin, so the
latter hormone is part of a feedback mechanism to prevent an overabundance of FSH.
Both males and females produce FSH and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
and inhibin prevents this release in both genders. Promotes spermatogenesis in males.
What is the paracrine gland?
a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only neighboring cells
what is the autocrine?
Works on itself
ex. thymosin and thymopoietin
what is endocrine gland?
Glands with NO ducts that secrete directly into the body.
What is the exocrine gland?
Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto surfaces, such as the skin or the
lining of the digestive tract
What is diabetes mellitus?
A disease in which the body does not produce or respond properly to insulin
What is diabetes insipidus?
a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
What are steroid hormones?
cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets
what is normal blood?
, 7.35-7.45
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
If the mother is Rh-, her immune system treats Rh+ fetal cells as if they were a foreign
substance. The mothers body makes anti bodies against the fetal blood cells.
What antigens can be found on RBC?
Antigens A, B, AB, or none.
what antibodies can be found in the plasma?
Antibodies A, B, AB, or none.
describe the different leukocytes and their origins.
Compare the formed elements of the blood.
1) Red blood Cells (erythrocytes) - 99.9%
2)White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - 0.1%
3) Platelets - 0.1 %
describe the steps in clot formation.
1. You get a cut (wound) and then you have RBC, platlets and clotting factors floating
around.
2. Blood cells and fluid escape the wound.
Exposed collagen fibers start the clotting process.
3. Exposed platelets start to adhere to the wound area and release chemicals that
attract more platlets.
4.Platlet plug stops external bleeding.
5. Clotting factor increases and causes fibrin to attach and block/seal the wound like a
bandaid would.
6. The wound heals and the clotting fibrin and platlets dissolve after it has been sealed
What blood type is the universal donor?
Type O
What blood type is the universal recipient?
Type AB
if your blood type is O positive
You can give to:
O+, A+, B+, AB+
Receive from:
O+
O-
if your blood type is A positive
You can give to: A+, AB+
You can receive from: A+, A-, O+, O-
if your blood type is B positive
You can give to: B+, AB+
You can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-
if your blood type is AB positive
you can give to:
AB+ ONLY
