Summary Cross cultural management - Radboud University
Lecture 1:
Culture:
- Geert Hofstede: ‘collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the
members of one human group from another’
- Fons Trompenaars: ‘the way in which a group of people solves problems and
reconciles dilemmas’
- GLOBE project: ‘shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretations
or meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of
members of collectives that are transmitted across generations’
Weber: tried to explain the golden age. Protestants were hard-working and frugal
(puritan ethics (not spending too much)). -> let to golden age
- religion leads to culture leads to better economy (culture influences economy)
- trade with new countries leads to better economy
Culture influences economy (dimensions of Hofstede)
- Individualism / collectivism. Individualistic countries have very high GDP per
capita, collectivistic countries have low GDP per capita.
- Short-term / long-term orientation: long term investments lead to better
economy
- Low / high uncertainty avoidance: countries who save money have higher
uncertainty avoidance which leads to people buying more products from home
country -> better economy
- Masculinity / femininity, low / high power distance and indulgence versus
restraint do not have a relationship with the economy
Economy influences culture:
- agricultural, industrial and post-modernism influence values of that time
Characteristics of culture:
- Culture is shared by members of a group and sometimes defines the
membership of the group itself
- Culture is learned through membership in the group
- Culture influences the attitudes and behaviors of group members
Etic perspective ; how outsiders see certain cultures is important to be able to
objectively describe cultures
Emic perspective ; how insiders describe their own culture is important to describe
cultures
Reason of globalization in the 90s:
- An open economic view
- Multidimensional view (what does it bring to us)
-industries across borders
- spread of financial markets
- reorganization of production
, - diffusion of identical consumer goods to distant countries
- emerging world-wide preference for democracy
McLuhan: global village, there is a need for universal organizations with recognized
trust from all countries / citizens in order to tackle global problems
Ethnocentrism: things at which one’s one groups is the center of everything
- ingroup/outgroup situation: ingroup positive outgroup negative
- ethnocentrism for a group = egocentrism to an individual
- ethnocentric consumers are home-bias -> proud of home products
Stereotyping occurs when a person ascribes the collective characteristics associated
with a particular group to every member of that group
3 theories on the degree of culture transformation
- cultures are different and will always be different
- cultures are convergent; they are gradually growing to one culture as a result of
consumerism
- Hybridization; cultures will be mixed in the future
Glocalization is the creation of products and services intended for the global market but
customized to suit the local cultures (Mckroket in the netherlands)
Anti-globalists want to spread the power
Lecture 2:
- A global manager is someone who works with or through people across
national and cultural boundaries to accomplish global corporate objectives, they
need to have a global mindset
- A global mindset is a complex cognitive structure with an openness to other
cultures
- Multicultural competence is getting things done through collective efforts by
capitalizing on cultural diversity. (work successfully across cultures)
- Cross cultural competence is about an individual's ability to step outside his /
her cultural boundary.
- Institutional ethnocentrism: to what extent there a bias is in which things from
the home country are appreciated
Cosmopolitanism = being externally oriented, comfortable in multiple settings and free
of local or provincial prejudices (global community)
Cosmopolitanism orientation (CO) = ‘to what extent are you responsible for what you
do as a company?’
- Cultural openness (immerse in and learn from other cultures)
- Global pro-sociality (universally respect and promote basic human rights)
- Respect for cultural diversity (high tolerance for cultural differences)
Lecture 1:
Culture:
- Geert Hofstede: ‘collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the
members of one human group from another’
- Fons Trompenaars: ‘the way in which a group of people solves problems and
reconciles dilemmas’
- GLOBE project: ‘shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretations
or meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of
members of collectives that are transmitted across generations’
Weber: tried to explain the golden age. Protestants were hard-working and frugal
(puritan ethics (not spending too much)). -> let to golden age
- religion leads to culture leads to better economy (culture influences economy)
- trade with new countries leads to better economy
Culture influences economy (dimensions of Hofstede)
- Individualism / collectivism. Individualistic countries have very high GDP per
capita, collectivistic countries have low GDP per capita.
- Short-term / long-term orientation: long term investments lead to better
economy
- Low / high uncertainty avoidance: countries who save money have higher
uncertainty avoidance which leads to people buying more products from home
country -> better economy
- Masculinity / femininity, low / high power distance and indulgence versus
restraint do not have a relationship with the economy
Economy influences culture:
- agricultural, industrial and post-modernism influence values of that time
Characteristics of culture:
- Culture is shared by members of a group and sometimes defines the
membership of the group itself
- Culture is learned through membership in the group
- Culture influences the attitudes and behaviors of group members
Etic perspective ; how outsiders see certain cultures is important to be able to
objectively describe cultures
Emic perspective ; how insiders describe their own culture is important to describe
cultures
Reason of globalization in the 90s:
- An open economic view
- Multidimensional view (what does it bring to us)
-industries across borders
- spread of financial markets
- reorganization of production
, - diffusion of identical consumer goods to distant countries
- emerging world-wide preference for democracy
McLuhan: global village, there is a need for universal organizations with recognized
trust from all countries / citizens in order to tackle global problems
Ethnocentrism: things at which one’s one groups is the center of everything
- ingroup/outgroup situation: ingroup positive outgroup negative
- ethnocentrism for a group = egocentrism to an individual
- ethnocentric consumers are home-bias -> proud of home products
Stereotyping occurs when a person ascribes the collective characteristics associated
with a particular group to every member of that group
3 theories on the degree of culture transformation
- cultures are different and will always be different
- cultures are convergent; they are gradually growing to one culture as a result of
consumerism
- Hybridization; cultures will be mixed in the future
Glocalization is the creation of products and services intended for the global market but
customized to suit the local cultures (Mckroket in the netherlands)
Anti-globalists want to spread the power
Lecture 2:
- A global manager is someone who works with or through people across
national and cultural boundaries to accomplish global corporate objectives, they
need to have a global mindset
- A global mindset is a complex cognitive structure with an openness to other
cultures
- Multicultural competence is getting things done through collective efforts by
capitalizing on cultural diversity. (work successfully across cultures)
- Cross cultural competence is about an individual's ability to step outside his /
her cultural boundary.
- Institutional ethnocentrism: to what extent there a bias is in which things from
the home country are appreciated
Cosmopolitanism = being externally oriented, comfortable in multiple settings and free
of local or provincial prejudices (global community)
Cosmopolitanism orientation (CO) = ‘to what extent are you responsible for what you
do as a company?’
- Cultural openness (immerse in and learn from other cultures)
- Global pro-sociality (universally respect and promote basic human rights)
- Respect for cultural diversity (high tolerance for cultural differences)
