Pathophysiology Rasmussen Exam Questions With Complete Answers!!

Signs - objectively observed indicators of a disorder Symptoms - the conditions that together tell a doctor what is wrong Homeostasis - A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level benign - mild, not cancerous malignant - cancerous metastasis - spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body fluid balance - maintenance of the proper types and amounts of fluid in each compartment of the body fluids Distribution of electrolytes - The distribution has important consequences for the ultimate balance of fluids. Sodium chloride is found mostly in extracellular fluid, while potassium and phosphate are the main ions in the intracellular fluid. fluid excess - Condition that occurs when total body fluid levels are greater than the body's needs. edema - puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid Clinical Manifestations - the presenting signs and symptoms of the disease Clinical Manifestations of edema - localized vs generalizeddependent edema pitting edema "third space" swelling and puffiness tighter-fitting clothing and shoes weight gain fluid deficit - Condition that occurs when total body fluid levels are not sufficient to meet the body's needs. Clinical manifestation of fluid deficit - Changes in awareness and mental state. Weakness or tiredness. Weak pulse or dizziness. Thirst. electrolyte balance - Condition when the quantities of electrolytes entering the body equal those leaving it Hyponatremia - low sodium in the blood clinical manifestation: Symptoms include nausea, headache, confusion, and fatigue. complications: Acute hyponatremia can lead to much more severe complications such as cerebral edema, brain disease, herniation of the brain, cardiopulmonary arrest, seizure, coma and even death. acid-base balance - equilibrium between acid and base concentrations in the body fluids Interpretation of acid-base values - inflammatory response - nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain active immunity - A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing ve immunity - An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk Altered Immune Response - Immunocompetence exists when the body's immune system can identify and inactivate or destroy foreign substances. When the immune system is incompetent or underresponsive, severe infections, immunodeficiency diseases, and malignancies occur. When the immune system overreacts, hypersensitivity disorders such as allergies and autoimmune disease may develop. Hypersensitivity-type I - an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance Traumatic musculoskeletal disorder - Contusions were the most common traumatic injuries, followed by sprains and fractures. Of non-traumatic disorders, the lower extremities were reported as the injured part in 43% of the disorders. Lumbar spine disorders were the most common non-traumatic disorders, followed by tendon and joint disorders. Fractures - a crack or break in a bone