CRITICAL THINKING D265 WGU EXAM ACTUAL EXAM DETAILED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+.

CRITICAL THINKING D265 WGU EXAM ACTUAL EXAM DETAILED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+. Representativeness Bias - ANSWER - Using prototypes or archetypes to interpret new situations, leading to biased conclusions Anchoring and Adjustment Bias - ANSWER - Mentally tethering to initial information, limiting consideration of other possibilities or quantities Availability Bias - ANSWER - Drawing conclusions based on easily accessible information rather than objective facts or data Selection Bias - ANSWER - Making conclusions from non-representative samples, skewing generalizations about a larger group System 1 Thinking - ANSWER - Quick, automatic, and emotional thinking used for rapid responses without extensive analysis System 2 Thinking - ANSWER - Deliberate, effortful, and calculating thinking requiring deeper analysis and processing Principle of Charity - ANSWER - Interpreting a speaker's statements in the most rational way possible to make their argument defensible Cognitive Bias - ANSWER - Biases due to how our brains categorize and interpret the world, influencing our understanding Alief - ANSWER - An automatic 'belief-like attitude' contradicting rational beliefs, influencing instinctual responses Heuristic - ANSWER - A rule of thumb or shortcut used for quick decision-making, not foolproof but generally effective Confirmation Bias - ANSWER - Tendency to seek evidence supporting existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence Confirmation Bias - ANSWER - a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence How to Identify Sources of bias - ANSWER - Incomplete information intentional deception influence from past personal experience intentional persuasion to strengthen a position common types of cognitive biases - ANSWER - - Bandwagon - Anchoring - The Dunning-Kruger Effect - The Sunk Cost Fallacy Bias - Optimism and Pessimism Bias - The Framing Effect Bias - Confirmation Bias - Reactance - Self-Serving Bias - Hindsight Bias [ Bandwagon effect - ANSWER - Believing or even performing an action based on the fact that the people around you are also doing or believing the same thing. Anchoring - ANSWER - Focusing a little too much on the first bit of information you are given when making a decision. Dunning-Kruger Effect - ANSWER - Involves the overestimation and underestimation of one's abilities. sunk cost fallacy (bias) - ANSWER - Involves the refusal to abandon a thought or investment that is not rewarding or possibly even damaging simply because we have invested a lot of time, thought, energy, effort, or even money into it. Optimism and Pessimism Bias - ANSWER - The tendency to overestimate how likely a positive outcome will occur, especially if we're in a good mood. We also have the tendency to overestimate the negative outcome of an event if we are not happy or in a bad mood. Framing Effect - ANSWER - Involves drawing a number of different conclusions about something, based on the different ways the exact same data is presented. Reactance - ANSWER - the need to do the opposite of what someone requests. Self-Serving Bias - ANSWER - the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors Hindsight Bias - ANSWER - the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it Principle of Charity - ANSWER - Before we evaluate the validity or strength of an argument, we should try to interpret it in the best possible light. Why is it fundamental to understand the principle of charity? - ANSWER - - One reason has to do with our goals in having reasoned discussions. - Another reason has to do with simple strategy, if you are indeed interested in winning a debate. - The final reason is a moral reason for following the principle of charity. Cognitive bias - ANSWER - The way we naturally categorize and make sense of the world around us. Alief - ANSWER - An automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs. Why is it important to recognize cognitive bias? - ANSWER - It can help to mitigate negative effects on our thinking. Awareness of learning common ways the human mind can go astray can help us avoid errors in our own reasoning and spot such errors in others' reasoning. Heuristic - ANSWER - A rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut Algorithm bubble - ANSWER - The curated and personalized version of online reality that a website shows you when you log on. Availability heuristic - ANSWER - A process where in the mind generalizes based on what is available to it rather than on what is objectively true. Irrational decision making - ANSWER - allows irrelevant biases, emotions, and environment to influence our decisions bounded rationality - ANSWER - A set of boundaries or constraints that tend to complicate the rational decision-making process Satisficing - ANSWER - We make the best choices we can, making choices that are good enough. We make choices that suffice to satisfy our needs. representativeness heuristic - ANSWER - - a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case - when faced with a new situation, we find the nearest prototype in our mind and use what we know about that prototype to help us understand what is happening right in front of us. upshots - ANSWER - aftermath, result upshots of heuristics - ANSWER - - we should not trust our intuition, since we now know that our intuition is often subject to some powerful influences that can lead us to judge incorrectly more often than not. - heuristics may result in unsound assumptions that are worth thinking carefully about statistical generalization - ANSWER - an inference made about a population based on features of a sample. Statistical Reasoning - ANSWER - Statistical procedures analyze and interpret data allowing us to see what the unaided eye misses Having some finite data set and trying to get to a claim about the whole population. What makes an appropriate sample? - ANSWER - it must be random, and it must be representative. statistic manipulation - ANSWER - When answers get skewed in gathering statistical data, some people may respond to a question differently based on beliefs or influences around them. selective reporting - ANSWER - the fact that investigators are more likely to publish findings when they match predictions than when they do not impact bias - ANSWER - the tendency to overestimate the intensity and duration of one's emotional reactions to future negative events effects of confirmation bias - ANSWER - causes people to ignore evidence that undermines what is already believed and put extra weight on evidence that confirms what is already believed. How do you reduce the influence of confirmation bias in reasoning? - ANSWER - actively seek out the best justifications for alternative viewpoints and make sure that, when an alternative viewpoint is rejected, it is for good reasons. effects of representation heursitcs - ANSWER - makes people judge a situation by means of situations in memories that bear similarities to it, even if those similarities are not really relevant. Reducing influence of representation heursitcs - ANSWER - look for carefully conducted scientific studies or larger sets of data when available. effects of anchoring bias - ANSWER - causes people to put too much weight on the first information received when making further decisions. Reducing influence of anchoring bias - ANSWER - try to get larger sets of more objective data and not rely too much on personal anchors. effects of availability bias - ANSWER - causes people to make judgments based on whichever examples come most readily to mind. Reducing influence of availability bias - ANSWER - - take the time to ask, "Is that example actually representative of the population under study?" or "Do I have enough credible evidence to generalize about this?" - Even better, be skeptical of using social media information to form general beliefs. system one thinking - ANSWER - quick, automatic, and emotional System Two Thinking - ANSWER - deliberate, effortful, and calculating Example of System 1 thinking - ANSWER - What type of thinking is this?: - determining that a sound you just heard is coming from behind you and jumping to the conclusion that someone is angry because their voice is loud. Example of System 2 thinking - ANSWER - What type of thinking is this?: - determining at which angle to hit a difficult putt and trying to figure out how much of a tip to leave on a $131.00 dollar dinner tab. Reasoning - ANSWER - The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence decision making - ANSWER - Attempting to select the best alternative among several options