NURS 612 Exam 2 Questions And Answers 100% Verified

NURS 612 Exam 2 Questions And Answers 100% Verified Primary Function of Renal System - answerMaintain a stable internal environment for optimal cell and tissue metabolism Renal artery is very _____, blood in kidney's moves with ____ pressure, which is necessary for filtration - answershort; high Juxtaglomerular Apparatus large scale function is controlling _____ ________ - answerblood pressure (by controlling renal blood flow and filtration) Juxtaglomerular cell location - answeraround the afferent arteriole where the afferent arteriole enters the glomerulus macula densa - answersodium-sensing cells located between the afferent and efferent arterioles of distal convoluted tubule; Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa form the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) that controls _____ _____ ____ and__________ __________ . - answerrenal blood flow (RBF); glomerular filtration _____ secretion occurs at the JGA - answerRenin Renal Blood Flow Throughout the Nephron - answerRenal artery afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries renal vein inferior vena cava The fluid filtered by the glomerular capillary filtration membrane and released into the proximal convoluted tubule is _______ free but contains ____________ and _______ _________ in the same concentrations as found in plasma - answerprotein; electrolytes (i.e. sodium chloride and potassium); organic molecules (i.e. creatinine urea and glucose) In the glomerulus, the ________ ________ determines permeability of glomerular capillary membrane - answerBasement membrane What does glomerular filtration depend on (3)? - answer•Size and charge of substances •Hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries •Oncotic pressure in the capillaries Between BP ___ - ____ mmHg the kidneys maintain a constant GFR - answer80-180 Autoregulation of renal blood flow: Response to increased systemic BP - answerAfferent arterioles constrict, preventing an increase in filtration pressure. Autoregulation of renal blood flow: Response to decreased systemic BP - answerGFR decreases and the amount of sodium in macula densa decreases •RAAS activated •Vasoconstriction, increase in sodium and water reabsorption, BP returns to norm ________ is a good index of renal function, ______ is a good index for hydration - answercreatinine; BUN Creatinine is most valuable for monitoring the progress of chronic rather than acute renal disease. - answer Aging and Renal Function: (increased or decreased) excretion of glucose - answerincreased GU Endocrine Functions (3) - answer•Renin- Angiotensin -Aldosterone System or RAAS •Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone regulates RBC production in bone marrow; made in kidneys- stimulated by hypoxia •Vitamin D (hormone)- Transformed in the active form in the kidneys; Increases calcium absorption from GI tract Intracellular body fluid is (half/double) extracellular fluid - answerDouble Forces favoring filtration (2) - answer•Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) •Interstitial oncotic pressure (water pulling) Forces opposing filtration - answer•Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure (water pulling) •Interstitial hydrostatic pressure First kind of cells to sense changes in osmotic pressure are ________ - answerNeurons- manifest as change in mental status What is the main characteristic of nephrotic syndrome? - answerEdema- caused by albumin loss Edema from low albumin - answerCaused by liver failure (cirrhosis) because albumin is produced in the liver Mechanism: Not enough water gets back into the capillaries (which is responsible for plasma oncotic pressure) Manifestations: ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, massive edema Treatment: Give albumin to pull fluid into blood vessel and then give them Lasix Edema from kidney failure - answerGlomerulonephritis (Kidney failure, damage to basement membranes) causes albumin loss and massive edema Edema from capillary membrane damage - answerCause: From infection (inflammation, swelling) Treatment: treat infection with antibiotics and sometimes steroids Edema from lymphatic obstruction - answerLymphedema Breast cancer surgery patients have to removed lymphatics around area possibly from tumor blocking or scar tissue from surgery Edema from hypertension - answerCan occur with heart failure Mechanism: capillary pressure is too high