EDF 6225 FOUNDATIONS OF ABA FINAL EXAM 2023 - UNIVERSITY OF WEST FLORIDA

EDF 6225 FOUNDATIONS OF ABA FINAL EXAM 2023 - UNIVERSITY OF WEST FLORIDA Question 1 1 / 1 pts An evocative effect refersto: A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event Correct! An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event No effect in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event A combination of decreasing and increasing effects in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event Question 2 1 / 1 pts An abative effect refersto: Correct! A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event No effect in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event A combination of decreasing and increasing effects in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by some stimulus, object, or event Question 3 1 / 1 pts A stimulus or condition that increasesthe effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer is known as a discriminative stimulus Correct! establishing operation abolishing operation reinforcing stimulus Question 4 1 / 1 pts Deprivation the effectiveness of a reinforcer Correct! increases has no effect on decreases Question 5 1 / 1 pts The effect that can increase or decrease the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event is the . Correct! value-altering effect behavior-altering effect antecedent effect consequent effect Question 6 1 / 1 pts What isthe BEST example of an unconditioned motivating operation (UMO) for an adult human? getting paid after a week of having no income eating a chocolate bar after dieting for a week Correct! eating dinner after a week of not eating getting a new watch after a week of not having one Question 7 1 / 1 pts are value-altering eventsthat are a result of a person’slearning history. Correct! Conditionedmotivating operations Conditioned reinforcers Discriminative stimuli Unconditioned motivating operations Question 8 1 / 1 pts A decrease in operant behavior due to continued consumption of a reinforcer is known as a saturation deprivation discrimination Correct! satiation Question 9 0 / 1 pts Discriminative stimuli are eventsthat have been associated with the availability or non-availability of reinforcement in the past. Correct Answer True You Answered False Question 10 1 / 1 pts A therapist knowingly provides a child with a bag of M&M’s that the child cannot open, so that they use the mand, “open!”. This is an example of: CMO-R CMO-S Correct! CMO-T CMO-R2D2 Question 11 1 / 1 pts When a reinforcer is continuously available, itsreduced effectivenessis also known as satiation Correct! True False Question 12 1 / 1 pts Motivating operations are eventsthat have been associated with the availability or non-availability of reinforcement in the past. True Correct! False Question 13 1 / 1 pts are eventsthat have been associated with the availability or non-availability of reinforcement in the past Motivating operations Correct! Discriminative stimuli Unconditioned motivating operations Conditioned motivating operations Question 14 1 / 1 pts A child in Mrs. Smith’s classroom hates to cut out shapes. When she see the yellow cardstock come out of the teacher’s drawer, she beginsto tantrum. The yellow cardstock has become what kind ofstimulus? Correct! CMO-R CMO-S CMO-T CMO-R2D2 Question 15 1 / 1 pts Discriminative stimuli alterthe value of a reinforcer. True Correct! False Question 16 1 / 1 pts Motivating operations alterthe value of a reinforcer. Correct! True False Question 17 1 / 1 pts A discriminative stimulusis: Correct! A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will not be reinforced. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be placed on extinction. A stimulus that cues respondent behaviors to occur. Question 18 1 / 1 pts A stimulus delta is: A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be reinforced. Correct! A stimulus in the presence of which a response will not be reinforced. A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be placed on extinction. A stimulus that cues respondent behaviors to occur. Question 19 1 / 1 pts Operantstimulus control has been achieved when: A response occursfrequently throughout the day under a variety ofstimulus conditions. A response occurs in the presence of a conditioned stimulus. Correct! A response occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus, but rarely occursin the absence of the stimulus. A response occurs more frequently in the absence of a specific stimulus, but rarely occursin its presence. Question 20 1 / 1 pts Stimulus generalization has occurred when: A response occurs more frequently in the presence of a specific stimulus, but rarely occursin the absence of the stimulus. Correct! The same response occursin the presence of two different, butsimilar,stimuli. One response occursin the presence of a specific stimulus, and a different response occurs in the presence of a different stimulus. One stimulus evokes a number of different, butsimilar,responses. Question 21 0 / 1 pts Concept formation: Correct Answer Requires both stimulus discrimination across different classes and stimulus generalization within a class You Answered Requires both stimulus discrimination within a class and stimulus generalization across classes Is a simple processthat involves strict stimulus discrimination and training to avoid any stimulus generalzation Is a hypothetical mental construct. Question 22 1 / 1 pts Which of the following would be included in the feature stimulus classfor ducks: All animals. Correct! Webbed feet. All birds. Fur. Question 23 1 / 1 pts Stimuli in an arbitrary stimulus class: Share common physical forms or relationsto the targetstimulus. Correct! Do notshare similarstimulusfeatures. Include an infinite number of stimuli. Comprise a large portion of our conceptual behavior. Question 24 1 / 1 pts Stimulus equivalence: Meansthat two stimulishare a number of common features. Is important to the development of stimulus discrimination. Correct! Meansthat a person responds accurately to untrained and nonreinforced stimulus-stimulusrelations following training on different stimulus-stimulus relations. Requirestesting ofreflexivity,symmetry, and commonality. Question 25 1 / 1 pts The critical test forstimulus equivalence is: Reflexivity Symmetry Correct! Transitivity Commonality Question 26 1 / 1 pts Stimulus salience: Can affect the development ofstimulus control. Refersto the prominence of the stimulusin the person's environment. Can depend on the sensory capabilities of the learner. Correct! All of the above. Question 27 0 / 1 pts Which of the following constitutes a prompt? Correct Answer Physically helping an individual perform a task. Providing a reinforcer to an individual for completing a step of a task. You Answered Praising an individual for his/her performance. All of the above. Question 28 0 / 1 pts Which is the BEST example of an arbitrary stimulus class? You Answered a picture of an old car, a new car, and a toy car a drawing of a short table, tall table, and a wooden table a painting of a young tree, old tree, and dying tree Correct Answer a painting of a sailor, the word man, and a picture of a man Question 29 1 / 1 pts Which is the BEST example of stimulus control? Hannah bites her nails all the time. Sometimes she draws blood when she bites them so short. Correct! Joseph bites his mom when she asks him to stand up, and at no other time Erica sometimes steals gum from convenience stores, because she rarely gets caught Diana puts her hair behind her ear many times a day. This causes her hair to look messy. Question 30 1 / 1 pts Direct measurement refersto the ongoing assessment of an individual's performance obtained in a real situation. Correct! True False Question 31 1 / 1 pts Direct measurement requires that inferences be made concerning an individual's performance. True Correct! False Question 32 1 / 1 pts Many ineffective interventions are continued because direct and frequent measures are not gathered. Correct! True False Question 33 1 / 1 pts The crucial question for determining whether to continue an intervention is, "Isthe program actually producing the skill development it claims to produce?" Correct! True False Question 34 0 / 1 pts When direct and frequent measurements are not collected, which of the following judgment error(s) commonly result? Correct Answer ineffective interventions are continued effective programs are discontinued there are NO common judgement errors You Answered both a and b Question 35 0.25 / 1 pts Measurement of permanent productsis desirable because: Correct! the behavior does not have to be observed as it occurs Correct Answer permanent products can be translated into numbers Correct Answer permanent products are outcomes of academic instruction Correct Answer All of these are desiresable characteristics of a permanent product. Question 36 1 / 1 pts Counting or tallying behaviors asthey occur is called: Correct! event recording interval recording momentary time sampling latency recording Question 37 1 / 1 pts What type of recording should be used when the length of time a client engages in a behavior is the concern? Correct! duration recording permanent product trials-to-criterion latency recording Question 38 1 / 1 pts Measuring the length of elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the occurrence of a behavior is called recording? Correct! latency duration time sampling interval Question 39 1 / 1 pts Measuring the presence or absence of behavior within intervals is called recording: duration latency Correct! interval event Question 40 1 / 1 pts Which observational recording procedure requiresthe observer to record whether the behavior was present or absent at any time during the time interval? Correct! partial-interval whole-interval duration momentary time sampling Question 41 1 / 1 pts Which observational recording procedure requiresthe presence of the behaviorthroughout the entire interval? partial-interval Correct! whole-interval latency momentary time sampling Question 42 1 / 1 pts Which observational recording procedure OVER-estimatesthe occurrence of the behavior? Correct! partial-interval whole-interval duration event Question 43 1 / 1 pts Which observational recording procedure UNDER-estimatesthe occurrence of the behavior? Correct! whole-interval partial-interval duration latency Question 44 1 / 1 pts What recording procedure is concerned with recording the presence or absence of behaviors immediately following specified time intervals? duration interval Correct! momentary time-sampling latency Question 45 1 / 1 pts Tallying the number of individuals engaged in specified behaviors and comparing this to the total number of individuals in the group is an example of: partial interval percent of total momentary time sampling Correct! PLACHECK Question 46 1 / 1 pts What term refersto the number of behaviors occurring in a unit of time? duration Correct! frequency (or rate) count percent Question 47 1 / 1 pts Which procedure refers to the report of the number of times response opportunities are presented before an individual achieves a pre-established accuracy or proficiency level? Correct! trials to criterion pre- and post tests complexity of task items probes Question 48 1 / 1 pts A strength, force, or intensity of a response is called the: topography Correct! magnitude frequency rate Question 49 1 / 1 pts The form orshape of the behavior is calleld the: Correct! topography magnitude frequency intensity Question 50 1 / 1 pts Hersen and Barlow (1976) recommend that observers continue training until they achieve a minimum of agreement. 50% 75% Correct! 80% 90% Question 51 0 / 1 pts Collecting interobserver agreement on the independent variable is called: procedural validity Correct Answer procedural reliability You Answered observational reliability observational validity Question 52 1 / 1 pts The most common convention forreporting interobserver agreement measures in ABA is: Correct! percent agreement rate the r statistic correlation coefficient Question 53 0 / 1 pts What term refers to differences in agreement that result when observers are aware that their observations will be checked as opposed to how they record when their observations are not checked? Correct Answer reactivity observer drift complexity You Answered observer expectancies Question 54 1 / 1 pts When observers change the way they employ the definition of behavior over the course of an investigation it is called: reactivity Correct! observer drift complexity observer expectancies Question 55 1 / 1 pts Making agreement measures unobtrusive or covert is a method for minimizing: observer drift complexity Correct! reactivity observer expectancy Question 56 1 / 1 pts In doing an observation of out-of-seat behavior, two observers agreed that the student was out of his seat 24 out of 30 times (i.e., they agreed 24 times and disagreed 6 times). This does not meet the minimum agreement for IOA. True Correct! False 80% is acceptable agreement. 80% is acceptable agreement. Question 57 1 / 1 pts What time intervalsshould be used with momentary time samling? Correct! 60 esconds or less 60 seconds or more 10 seconds 5 minutes Question 58 0 / 1 pts Test and Heward (1984) recommend the number ofsessions for data collection using momentary time sampling be other data collection techniques. You Answered shorter than Correct Answer longer than the same as Question 59 1 / 1 pts It isimportant to collect interobserver agreement on the independent variable to demonstrate reliabililty of recorders Correct! demonstrate proceduralreliability reduce the likelihood of observational drift reduce effects of reactivity Question 60 1 / 1 pts Applied Behavior Analysisis set apart from other disciplines devoted to the understanding and improvement of human behavior with respect to its: goals focus methodology Correct! all of the above Question 61 1 / 1 pts The term "applied" in ABA meansthat technology is applied to a research question. True Correct! False Question 62 1 / 1 pts S-R psychology is a paradigm for modern behaviorism True Correct! False Question 63 1 / 1 pts Different types ofscientific investigations yield 1 or more of three levels of understanding of phenomena under study. These are: Prediction, Expert Opinion, and Control Description, Experimentation, and Analysis Correct! Prediction, Description, and Control Description, Prediction, and Consensus Question 64 1 / 1 pts Scientific “attitudes” as described by Skinner include: Empiricism, Validity, & Determinism Parsimony, Experimentation, & Reliability Correct! Experimentation, Philosophic Doubt, &Parsimony Replication, Analysis, & Quantification Question 65 0 / 1 pts Which characteristic of ABA refersto the commitment to affecting improvementsin behaviorsthat enhance and improve people's lives? Behavioral Analytic Correct Answer Applied You Answered Conceptually Systematic Question 66 1 / 1 pts Which characteristic of ABA refersto clarity in its methodology? Applied Analytic Effective Correct! Technological Question 67 1 / 1 pts In a functional relation, the is the behavior that was changed. intervention variable Correct! dependent variable independent variable controlling variable Question 68 1 / 1 pts In a functional relation, the isthe intervention Correct! independent variable dependent variable controlling variable experimental variable Question 69 1 / 1 pts Free will is compatible with determinism. True Correct! False Question 70 1 / 1 pts The independent variable isthe intervention in a functional relation. Correct! True False Question 71 1 / 1 pts The dependent variable isthe intervention in a functional relation. True Correct! False Question 72 0 / 1 pts Radical behaviorism is a philosophical position that considers behavioral eventsthat cannot be publicly observed to be outside the realm of the science. You Answered True Correct Answer False Question 73 1 / 1 pts Behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli is referred to as: antecedent behavior. Correct! respondent behavior. operant behavior. evoked behavior. Question 74 1 / 1 pts When certain stimuli increase the future probability of a behavior when they are terminated immediately following a response, what has occurred is termed: positive reinforcement Correct! negative reinforcement punishment extinction Question 75 1 / 1 pts Respondent behavior is: solicited by the discriminative stimulus emitted as a result of motivational operations prompted by evoking antecedent events Correct! elicited by antecedent events Question 76 0 / 1 pts Yoursister can be an unconditioned punisher. You Answered True Correct Answer False We won't tell. Question 77 0 / 1 pts Reading a book is a response. You Answered True Correct Answer False Question 78 1 / 1 pts Automatic reinforcement Correct! involvesthe reinforcement occurring independent of another person delivering it occurs when reinforcement accidentally follows a behavior that did not produce the reinforcement refers to the reinforcement of reflexive (i.e., automatic) behaviors is a phenonemon that is established during delayed reinforcement conditions Question 79 1 / 1 pts reinforcers are established based on a history of pairing with established reinforcers. Edible Primary Unconditioned Correct! Conditioned Question 80 1 / 1 pts Stimuli that do not require a learning history to acquire reinforcing qualities are known as innate reinforcers principal reinforcers Correct! unconditioned reinforcers functional reinforcers Question 81 1 / 1 pts Arranging high-frequency (ie., high preference) activities to follow low-frequency (ie., low preference) activities is an application of response-deprivation reinforcer hierarchy an activity schedule Correct! the Premack Principle Question 82 1 / 1 pts In addition to increasing the future frequency of the behavior it follows, reinforcement changesthe function of antecedent stimuli. Correct! True False Question 83 1 / 1 pts An antecedentstimulus that evokes behavior because it has been correlated with the availability of reinforcement is called a(n) . Correct! discriminative stimulus S-Delta establishing operation reinforcer Question 84 1 / 1 pts Humans must be able to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence in order to be effective, due to their language ability. Other organisms do not need to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence. True Correct! False Question 85 1 / 1 pts A is a conditioned reinforcer that does not depend on a current establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness. unconditioned reinforcer tangible reinforcer sensory reinforcer Correct! generalized conditioned reinforcer Question 86 1 / 1 pts Removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior that is called whereas postponement and prevention ofstimulus presentation produce behavior that is called . avoidance; escape termination; escape Correct! escape; avoidance avoidance; termination Question 87 1 / 1 pts To avoid shaping more dangerous escape maintained behaviorsin educationalsettings, the person intervening should: ensure that the teaching technique is varied and not aversive ensure that the demand is not too difficult ensure that the demand is not too easy Correct! do all of the above Question 88 1 / 1 pts According to Osborne’s 1969 study, Iwata indicated that free time could either be defined asthe availability of preferred activities or the termination of non-preferred activities. Correct! True False Question 89 0 / 1 pts When a student exhibits an undesirable, but not dangerous behavior when presented with a demand, it is recommended that you ignore the minor behavior and prevent escape i