Human Growth and Development clep 2024

which of the following stages of development do tissues develop into the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm germ layers? - Answer-Embryonic Which of the following findings is often cited as evidence for the evolutionary perspective? - Answer-Men's reproductive capabilities last until later in life than women's. If reinforcement is to be most effective in the learning of a new behavior, the reinforcement should be - Answer-provided soon after the desired behavior occurs A mother nags her son until he cleans his room. A few weeks later, the son spontaneously cleans his room because he does not want to be nagged. The mother's nagging is an example of - Answer-a negative reinforcer A behaviorist who is studying the link between parenting style and childhood aggression would be most likely to focus on - Answer-how parents punish their children's aggressive behavior Every morning 4-year-old Marta watches her mother put on a suit, pack a lunch, and put her lunch and a briefcase by the front door while preparing for work. One day Marta wakes up, puts on one of her mother's suits, puts snacks in a lunch bag, and puts the lunch bag and a backpack at the front door. She runs to her mother and says, "I'm ready for work!" Marta's behavior can best be explained by which of the following theories? - Answer-Social learning "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" - Answer-Developmental traits from past adaptations behaviorism - Answer-A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior Positive reinforcement - Answer-pleasant result (reward) What is the best way to reinforce new behavior - Answer-quick result Negative reinforcement - Answer-take away unpleasant threat Punishment - Answer-unpleasant result (physical or social) ecological - Answer-concerning the relations between the biological organisms and their environment Psychodynamic - Answer-Development by unconscious urges Jean Piaget - Answer-Known for his theory of cognitive development in children we are continuously trying to maintain cognitive equilibrium or a balance or cohesiveness in what we see and what we know schema - Answer-a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information assimilation - Answer-interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas accommodation - Answer-adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Lev Vygotsky - Answer-SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY_child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research sociocultural theory - Answer-the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture scaffolding - Answer-Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance Urie Brofenbrenner - Answer-known for his recognition of ecological influences on development microsystems - Answer-elements of the person's immediate surroundings, such as family and peer group mesosystem - Answer-includes larger organizational structures such as school, the family, or religion macrosystems - Answer-the larger social setting, including cultural values, economic policies, and political processes Classical Conditioning - Answer-a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Ivan Pavlov - Answer-discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell Watson - Answer-Behaviorism; "Little Albert Study"; aversion therapy Operant Conditioning - Answer-a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher