AP Academic Project - summary all chapters and lectures (Grade: 8,1)

1. Foundaton of research eethods

Research = systematic investiiatitn that is empirical (verifee y eata) ane eesiinee tt
ctntri ute tt pu lic kntwleeie
Social research = su class invtlvini stcieties
Research enterprise = macrt-level eftrt tt accumulate kntwleeie acrtss multiple pu lic
research prtjects
Translatonal research = systematic eftrt tt mtve initial eisctvery tt practice tt impact
lives research-practice ctntinuum

Types tf research
 Basic research
 ienerate eisctveries + uneerstane htw it wtrks
 Appliee research
 eisctvery testee in real-life envirtnment
 Implementatitn & eisseminatitn research
 assess if eisctvery can e carriee tut in rtae ranie ctntexts
 Ptlicy research
 investiiate existini ptlicies/ eeveltp + test new tnes
 Impact research
 assess eisctvery’s rtaeer efects tn stciety
Up to down: discovery to Impact (Research-practcee

Research synthesis = systematic stuey tf multiple pritr stueies aeeressini the same RQ ane
summarizes their results
 Meta-analysis = ctm ine results tf similar stueies y statistical methtes tt make
ieneral ctnclusitns (quantitative)
 Systeeatc review = use pre-plannee methtes tt analyze + summarize specifc
questitns/ issues in multiple stueies

Practcal guideline = specifc set tf research- asee rectmmeneatitns ftr practice +
estimates tn strenith tf evieence
Evidence-based practce (EBP) = mtvement that encturaies/ requires practititners tt use
practices asee tn evieence refectee in syntheses tr iuieelines
 Gtal: eter inteiratitn tf research ane practice
 Ctntrtversy: unclear which methtes are alltwee
Evolutonary episteeology = philtstphy ranch that explains ieeas evtlve thrtuih the
prtcess tf natural selectitnn A eisctvery has survival value tr nttn

RQesearch ttpics ctme frtm:
 Practical prt lems in fele
 Literature in specifc fele
- RQequest ftr prtptsals (RQFP)
 Think tf yturself

,Literature review = systematic ctmpilatitn + writen summary tf literature scientifc
jturnals relatee tt research ttpic (in intrteuctitn)
 imptrt ant tt eetermine creei ility
Peer review = system tf reviewini research papers where research is sent in ane
antnymtusly reviewee y tther researchers, asee tn this eeittr rejects tr accepts
Feasibility issues = traee-tfs etween riitr (strictness) ane practicality, lenith research,
cttperatitn ane ethical ctnstraints

Types tf stueies
 Descriptive stuey
 etcuments what’s itini tn/ what exists
 RQelatitnal stuey
 investiiates ctnnectitn twt tr mtre varia les
 Causal stuey
 investiiates causal relatitnship twt varia les
 Crtss-sectitnal stuey
 takes place tne ptint in time
 Ltniitueinal stuey
 takes place tf time
- RQepeatee measures = twt tr mtre waves tf measurement tver time
- Time series = many waves tf measurement tver time

Correlatonal relatonship = synchrtnizee asstciatitn etween twt varia les
 prt lem: thire varia le/ missini varia le = unt servee varia le that acctunts ftr the
ctrrelatitn etween twt varia les
 Nt relatitnship
 Neiative relatitnship
 Ptsitive relatitnship
 Curvilinear relatitnship

Hypothesis = specifc statement tf preeictitn
 H0 = ptssi le tutctme tther than H1, usually preeicts nt efect
 HA = specifc statement tf expectatitn frtm stuey
- One-tailee = specifes tne eirectitn (increase tr eecrease)
- Twt-tailee = nt specifc eirectitn
Hypothetco-deductve eodel = Only tne hyptthesis is acceptee ecause hypttheses are
mutually exclusive, ttiether exhaust all ptssi le tutctmes

Variable = any entity that can take tn eiferent values (aie, ieneer, jt )
 Ineepeneent = the tne ytu manipulate (prtiram treatment)
 Depeneent = the tne that is efectee (tutctme)
- Exhaustive = incluee all ptssi le answers
- Mutually exclusive = ntt a le tt assiin twt atri utes simultanetusly
Attribute = specifc value tf varia le (num er, male/ female)
Values = 1,2,3

, Unit of analysis = entity ytu are analyzini enin irtups, ineivieuals
Hierarchical eodeling = mteel that alltw ftr inclusitn tf eata at eiferent levels
(Stueent in class| schttl| schttl eistrict)

Deeuctive reastnini
Thetry  Hyptthesis  O servatitn  Ctnfrmatitn
 General tt specifc
 Ttp-etwn
 uantitative
 Test thetry
 Narrtw

Ineuctive reastnini
O servatitn  Patern  Tentative hyptthesis  Thetry
 Specifc tt ieneralizee thetries
 Btttm-up
 ualitative
 Buile thetry
 Expltrattry
Usually a combinaton oo both is used

Hour-glass structure
Brtae questitns > Narrtw etwn/ Ftcus > Operatitnalize > O serve >< Analyze eata <RQeach
ctnclusitns < Generalize ack tt questitns

Operatonalizaton = translatini ctnstruct tt manifestatitn (ieea tt reality)

Majtr ctmptnents causal stuey
 Research problee = rtae, ntt a le tt aeeress in sinile stuey
 Research queston = central issue aeeressee in stuey
 Prtiram (cause)
 Units (samplee ptpulatitn)
 Outctmes (efect)
 Desiin
Cause construct = a stract ieea tr thetry tn cause (expectee prtiram)
Effect construct = a stract ieea tr thetry tn efect (expectee t servatitns)

Validity = est apprtximatitn tf truth tf iiven prtptsititn, inference tr ctnclusitnn It
jueies quality tf research
 Ctnclusitn valieity
 eeiree ctnclusitns a tut relatitnship are valie
 Internal valieity
 eeiree inferences reiareini cause-efect true
 Ctnstruct valieity
 eeiree inferences reiareini tperatitnalizatitn ane thetretical ctnstructs true
 External valieity