Introduction to Radiologic & Imaging Sciences & Patient Care chapters with QUESTIONS and VERIFIED ANSWERS 11th edition chapter 1-26 covered(all 26 chapters in one rated document)

Introduction to Radiologic & Imaging Sciences & Patient Care chapters with QUESTIONS and VERIFIED ANSWERS 11th edition chapter 1-26 covered(all 26 chapters in one rated document) Leave the first rating The year x-rays were discovered. - ANSWER 1895 What was the first x-ray image of? - ANSWER Wilhem C. Roentgen's Wife's hand. X-ray beam energy is produced using? - ANSWER high voltage electricity X-Rays pass through - ANSWER matter X-rays strike - ANSWER an image receptor Image receptor converts the energy of an x-ray into? - ANSWER An image The X-ray tube contains a ______ inside - ANSWER vacuum Source of electrons - ANSWER cathode method to accelerate electrons to great speed - ANSWER voltage Method to stop electrons and cause energy transformation - ANSWER target Why does the tube contain a vacuum? - ANSWER Removes all air so gas molecules will not interfere with the production of x-rays Of interactions in tube, less than ____ results in x-rays - ANSWER 1% If interactions in tube don't result in x-rays, what do they produce? - ANSWER heat Classes of Radiation - ANSWER primary, scatter, absorbed, remnant Primary radiation - ANSWER Exits tube • Before it interacts with pt • It will be absorbed, scattered, or pass through body part Remnant Radiation - ANSWER The radiation that remains after the x-ray beam passes through an object to produce an image; same as exit radiation. Scatter radiation - ANSWER radiation produced from x-ray photon interactions with matter in such a way that the resulting photons have continued in a different direction Attenuation of Radiation - ANSWER the loss of radiation energy as a result of passing through an absorbing material, such as the human body differential absorption - ANSWER Different materials absorb radiation energy differently based primarily upon density and atomic number. high attenuation occurs in - ANSWER radiopaque matter Low attenuation occurs in - ANSWER radiolucent matter Radiolucent is what color? - ANSWER black Radiopaque is what color? - ANSWER white Exposure factors for xrays - ANSWER mAs (milliampere-seconds) kVp (Kilovoltage peak) SID (Source to Image Distance) What is the latent image? - ANSWER Invisible image on film before processing IR - ANSWER Image Receptor Analog Imaging - ANSWER Film Screen Imaging computed radiography - ANSWER photostimulable phosphor (PSP) technology Indirect DR technology - ANSWER Indirect flat panels convert x-rays to light photons that are then converted to an image Direct DR technology - ANSWER Direct flat panel convert x-rays immediately to an image Types of Image Receptors - ANSWER Films, computed radiography (CR), Digital radiography (DR) Photostimulable Phosphor Systems are known as - ANSWER computed radiography what is quantum noise? - ANSWER When insufficient light is emitted from the phosphors (based on technique) it produces an image that is grainy What is technique a combination of? - ANSWER kVp, mAs, and distance Radiographic density - ANSWER the degree of blackness or darkness on a radiograph image receptor exposure is affected by - ANSWER milliamperage (mA), exposure time (S), source-to-image distance (SID), kVp Technical Exposure Factors - ANSWER Milliamperage (mA) and time (seconds) Kilovoltage peak (kVp) Source-to-image distance (SID) prime factors of exposure tech - ANSWER • Milliamperage (mA) and time (seconds) - mAs • Kilovoltage peak (kVp) • Source-to-image distance (SID) Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg) - ANSWER the SI unit for measuring radiation intensity when mAs is doubled - ANSWER receptor exposure is doubled mAs is directly proportional to - ANSWER x-ray quantity mAs is calculated by - ANSWER multiplication of mA and time (s) mAs applies - ANSWER amperage to the tube mAs reciprocity - ANSWER Any combination of mA and time that equals a particular mAs value will produce the same density (and exposure). 100 mA @ 0.1 sec. = 10 mAs 500 mA @ 0.02 sec. = 10 mAs 1000 mA @ 0.01 sec. = 10 mAs 10 mAs = 10 mAs = 10 mAs . . . . = *Reciprocity* If there is a subject density increase - ANSWER there is an IR exposure decrease X-ray Patient Factors - ANSWER Pt size, thickness, atomic number X-ray beam is both - ANSWER Polyenergetic • Heterogeneous if kVp is increased - ANSWER IR exposure is increased If kVp is doubled, the amount of x-ray photons created approximately increases - ANSWER inverse square law - ANSWER the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation Beam Modification Types - ANSWER Filtration and Collimation Excessive x-ray scatter - ANSWER detracts from image quality common methods of scatter control - ANSWER o Beam restriction o Radiographic grids o Beam filtration