NR507 EVALUATED COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

NR507 EVALUATED COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Hematopoiesis - CORRECT ANSWER-blood cell formation Fetus- liver and spleen Adult- bone marrow Anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. Erythropoiesis - CORRECT ANSWER-formation of red blood cells In kidney in response to hypoxia macrocytic normochromic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Large RBC's, normal hemoglobin Folic acid or Vitamin B12 deficiency microcytic hypochromic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-small, abnormally shaped erythrocytes that are not able to carry normal hemoglobin Thalassemia- mediterranean normocytic normochromic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Characterized by red cells that are relatively normal in size and normal hemoglobin Aplastic, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle cell iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-anemia resulting when there is not enough iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells Affects children, poverty, child bearing age Erythrocytes - CORRECT ANSWER-red blood cells Most abundant cell in the body Responsible for tissue oxygenation Mitotic division- 100-120 days sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape (Hb-s) Thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background. pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream hemolytic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen Pancytopenia- reduction in all 3 types of blood cells (RBC, WBC, Plt) Erythropoietin (EPO) - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow In response to hypoxia In the fetus the liver produces this Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER-Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells 4 molecules of O2 Made of polypeptide, heme, iron anemia due to gastrectomy - CORRECT ANSWER-Iron def anemia is major cause after this Removal of stomach often leads to marked decrease in production of gastric acid. This acid is necessary to convert dietary iron to a form that is more readily absorbed by the duodenum hemolytic anemia causes - CORRECT ANSWER-Sickle cell disease, ABO or Rh incompatibility, drug induced Role of macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER-Innate: 1. Phagocytosis PRR or opsonization w/ complement 2. Secrete Cytokines: Recruit more cells, inflammation, fever, etc. Adaptive: 1. Phagocytosis: opsonization with complement or Abs 2. Secrete cytokines: recruit more cells etc. 3. Antigen presentation: peptides from the broken down pathogen are displayed on surface of the cell. Note: macrophages and dendrites are the majoy antigen processing and antigen presenting cells that initiate immune response - Present antigen to memory (Th) cells in order to initiate a rapid response to antigens (secondary immune response) Anticholinergic drugs for asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-Atrovent & Spiriva both prevent the muscle bands around the airways from tightening thus reduce in exacerbation Albuterol is short acting Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. T2HIGH eosinophilic inflammation Airway responsiveness Albuterol - CORRECT ANSWER-Beta 2 Agonist, Short-Acting acute bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-infection and inflammation of bronchial tubes (bronchi) chronic bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time 3 or more months atleast 2 years Acid/ base disturbance- COPD - CORRECT ANSWER-chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Causes air trapping. Increasing CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis. Perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER-The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to an area. Blood flow of heart - CORRECT ANSWER-Enters the right side inferior/superior vena cava- emptying deoxygenated blood to right atrium- right ventricle, through tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery to lungs (where it is oxygenated). Pulmonary vein empties oxygen rich blood to left atrium/ left ventricle, through mitral valve, aortic valve, aorta---->to the body. bronchioles function - CORRECT ANSWER-passage of air to alveoli- gas exchange polycythemia vera - CORRECT ANSWER-condition characterized by too many erythrocytes; blood becomes too thick to flow easily through blood vessels. Blood clots can lead to stroke and heart attack. Gene mutation in the protein janus kinase 2. stroke volume - CORRECT ANSWER-The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction. Determined by: preload/ afterload/ contractility cor pulmonale - CORRECT ANSWER-right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease. can be caused by long term pulmonary hypertension