MDC 2 Exam 1 Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions

MDC 2 Exam 1 Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions What are the stages of cell growth in cancer development? 1. Initiation 2. Promotion 3. Progression 4. Metastasis What happens during Initiation phase during cancer cell growth? normal cells become damaged and leads to development of cancer (Malignant Transformation) this is irreversible What happens during the promotion stage during cancer cell growth? -repeat exposure to carcinogen enhances cell growth which leads to mutation -enhanced cell growth of cells by promotors (like hormones primarily estrogen) -period between initiation and growth into a tumor is called a latency period What happens during the progression stage of cancer cell growth? -An increase in the production of malignant cells -after a tumor reach 1 cm, it already has 1 billion cells -when it builds its own blood supply it becomes a health problem What happens during the Metastasis stage of cancer cell growth? -movement of cells from the primary site and establishing remote colonies Malignant vs. Benign Malignant -Anaplasia-loss of appearance of parent cell -A larger nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration -Specific functions are lost-serve NO purpose -Loose adherence-loosely bound due to the lack fo fibronectin production -migration-spreads easily (metastasis) -Contact inhibition does not occurs -Rapid or continuous cell division -Aneuploidy: Abnormal Chromosomes Benign (SASTNOE) -specific morphology -a smaller nuclear-to-cytoplasm ration -specific differentiated function -Tight adherence, bind closely together due to production of fibronectin -No migration -Orderly growth -Euploidy: Normal chromosomes per cell Which cancers arise from blood? Leukemias Which cancers affect the lymph? Lymphomas Which cancers originate in the epithelial cells and are likely to metastasize? Carcinomas Which cancers originate in the soft tissues like bone, muscles, blood vessels, and connecting tissues? Sarcomas Signs & Symptoms of cancer C-change in bowel or bladder habits A-a sore that does not heal U-unusual bleeding or discharge T-Thickening or lump in breast/elsewhere I-indigestion or difficulty swallowing O-obvious change in wart or mole N-nagging cough or hoarseness Staging of Cancer The exact location of the tumor is designated by T, N, or M. T meaning tumor, N meaning lymph node involvement,