PSY100 Test 1 | University of Toronto, Prof. Ashley Waggoner-Denton 100% Correct Answers

PSY100 Test 1 | University of Toronto, Prof. Ashley Waggoner-Denton 100% Correct Answers Science - Answer- The use of systematic observation to acquire knowledge. Systematic observation - Answer- The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, and organize information about the natural world. Naturalistic Observation - Answer- Passive observation. Observers do not change or alter ongoing behaviour (at least not intentionally) Empirical methods - Answer- Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation. Hypothesis - Answer- A logical idea that can be tested. Theories - Answer- Groups of closely related phenomena or observations. Francis Galton - Answer- A pioneering psychological researcher in the late 1800s who in his research with twins, coined the term "nature vs. nurture." Ethics - Answer- Professional guidelines that offer researchers a template for making decisions that protect research participants from potential harm and that help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the integrity of their research. Aspects of an ethical experiment - Answer- I Can't Protect Ugly Dogs 1. Informed consent 2. Confidentiality 3. Privacy 4. Understanding of risks and benefits 5. Debriefing Goal attainment - Answer- You are more likely to attain a promotion goal (a goal to attain a positive outcome) rather than a prevention goal (a goal to prevent an unwanted outcome). Also more likely to attain an intrinsic goal (a goal dependent on yourself) than an extrinsic goal (a goal dependent on someone else, ie. your mom being proud). Mental contrasting - Answer- Comparing what is different in your future that allows your goals to be realized. What are the negative things about your present reality blocking you from attaining the goal? Don't just think about the negative present, focus on the positive future as well. Implementation intentions - Answer- In goal setting, you have to think if x happens I will do y. This way you will not be derailed by obstacles because you've already thought about how to deal with them. Wilhelm Wundt - Answer- Introduced structuralism, which uses introspection to connect components of the mind. Established first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Invented the "thought meter", reflecting the beginning of empiricism in psychology. Edward Titchener - Answer- A student of Wundt and the father of structuralism, the idea that the human mind could be broken down into certain elements. He believed if we understood conscious experience separately- feelings, thoughts, etc, then we'd understand the mind as a whole. Focused on describing what happens in the minds of individuals. Structuralism - Answer- An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. Functionalism - Answer- A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. Its biggest proponent was William James, who was heavily influenced by Darwin. Gestalt theory - Answer- Rejected structuralism, arguing that we should look at the mind as a whole because the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its constituent elements. Gestalt experiments show that the brain is not a passive receiver of information, it actively filters incoming information to make sense of it. William James - Answer- Founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment. Helped develop a theory of emotion. Behaviourism - Answer- Believed that the mind is a black box we cannot understand, and thus psychologists should only be interested in observable behavior. Its two biggest proponents were John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Cognitive Revolution - Answer- (1950s-60s) Psychogists began to reject behaviourism and focus on cognitive psychology and social psychology. Behaviour began to be explained by the mind. Decade of the Brain - Answer- (90s-) New emphasis on the brain itself, and understanding the brain's impact on behaviour. (Ex. fMRI machines) Biopsychosocial model - Answer- Idea that behaviour is a product of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, all of which can interact and influence one another. Clever Hans - Answer- A horse capable of answering questions from humans. After investigation, it was realized that the horse picked up on small cues from people asking it questions in order to provide the correct answer. Reactivity - Answer- How behaviour changes when you know you're being watched. Experimenter-expectancy effect - Answer- AKA participant demand. The phenomenon that occurs when the participant tries to do what they think the experimenter wants. Hawthorne effect - Answer- A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied. Named after a 1927 study on factory workers that was flawed for once the factory workers realized they were being observed, they tried to be more productive. Participant observation - Answer- Active observation. The researcher is actively involved in the situation, joining a person in their routine activities Laboratory observation - Answer- Systematic observations are made within a laboratory setting (rather than in the 'real world'). Masters and Johnson - Answer- Came up with the four-stage model of sexual arousal through direct laboratory observations of sexual activities. Self-report methods - Answer- People are asked to provide information about themselves Socially desirable responding - Answer- When people respond in a way that they feel is socially desirable, instead of expressing their actual opinions. "Better than average" effect - Answer- Most people perceive themselves as better than average. The Scientific Method - Answer- A cyclical process with no clear start and endpoint. It generally involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, developing testable predictions, gathering data to test predictions, and then developing general theory. Theory - Answer- Explains the relationship between two or more variables. Its purpose is to explain and predict. It should be testable, falsifiable, and parsimonious (preferably simple). Intergroup Contact Theory - Answer- Under certain circumstances, positive intergroup contact can reduce prejudice toward the outgroup. Social Comparison Theory - Answer- When more objective measures are unavailable, people will evaluate their own abilities/qualities by comparing themselves to similar others Social Learning Theory - Answer- Albert Bandura's theory that people can learn by observing others, in the absence of ex