BIO 116 Final Exam Miami University questions with correct answers

BIO 116 Final Exam Miami University questions with correct answers What feature of dietary fiber is responsible for its role in maintain gastro-intestinal health? a. Bonds between glucose molecules are unstable, and the digestive system can break down the fiber with minimal energy, effort, or strain on the system. b. Bonds between glucose molecules that cannot be broken by our digestive enzymes c. Chains consist solely of glucose and no other monosaccharides d. It comes from plants Which of the following is NOT an example of how hydrogen bonds affect the chemistry of living organisms? a. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules keep the main component of cellular and extracellular spaces liquid across all biologically relevant temperatures. b. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the structure of nucleic acids like DNA c. Hydrogen bonds among amino acids help dictate the secondary structure of proteins d. The number of hydrogen bonds in fatty acids determines if triglycerides are saturated or unsaturated. Why would water striders not be able to walk on cyclohexane the way they do on water? a. No hydrogen bonds form among molecules of cyclohexane, so there is no surface tension b. Non-polar molecules like cyclohexane do not exist as liquids c. Polar molecules like cyclohexane in the liquid state do not have surface tension d. Friction from the water striders' legs on the highly flammable cyclohexane would cause it to ignite Which of the following types of bonds is the strongest? a. Covalent b. Hydrogen c. Ionic d. Organic What property of unstable isotopes make them useful in medial imaging technologies? a. Unstable isotopes break down and go away after the imaging is complete b. Unstable isotopes break down, and must be purchased again by the patient, make more money for the hospital c. As the unstable isotope decay, radioactivity is released, allowing the location and movement of the isotopes in the body to be tracked by detection equipment d. Unstable isotope are not medically useful, only stable isotopes are used in medicine What is the primary function of triglycerides? a. Cell communication and signaling b. Direct source of energy c. Energy storage d. Structural Heat-shock proteins are proteins in cells that are expressed during times of stress, especially thermal stress. These proteins come along other proteins to prevent them from denaturing (unfolding), and to help them re-fold correctly. What level of protein structure do heat-shock proteins help preserve? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quarternary Cell membranes have many proteins embedded in them. Many of these proteins project all the the way across a cell membrane and stick out into the intracellular and extracellular spaces. Recall that amino acids have different side groups with different basic properties. Parts of the protein in the middle of the cell membrane are primarily made up of amino acids with... a. Non-polar side groups b. Polar, uncharged side groups c. Polar, positively charged side groups d. Polar, negatively charged side groups According to the Homeoviscous Adaptation hypothesis, which of the following statements is true about cell membranes? a. Cells acclimated to warmer temperatures should have membranes made of phospholipids with fewer double bonds in the fatty acid tails than cells acclimated to colder temperatures. b. Cells acclimated to warmer temperatures should have membranes made of phosopholipids with more double bonds in the fatty acid tails than cells acclimated to colder temperatures. c. Cells acclimated to dry conditions should have membranes made of phosopholipids with fewer double bonds in the fatty acid tails than cells acclimated to colder temperatures. d. Cells acclimated to dry conditions should have membranes made of phosopholipids with more double bonds in the fatty acid tails than cells acclimated to colder temperatures. e. Cells acclimated to warmer temperatures should have smaller enzymes than cells acclimated to colder temperatures. f. Cells acclimated to warmer temperatures should have larger enzymes than cells acclimated to colder temperatures. Which of the following is NOT part of a nucleotide? a. 5-carbon sugar b. amino acid c. Nitrogenous base d. Phosphate group Neurons must maintain an electrical potential across the membrane in order to be able to send electrical nerve signals. They do this by transporting positively charged sodium ions from the inside of the cell to the high-sodium concentration environment outside of the cell. What type of transport does this involve? a. Active transport b. Bulk transport c. Passive transport A fish whose body fluids have an overall solute concentration of 300 mOsm. It lives in the ocean, which has a concentration of about 1000 mOsm. The ocean is [hypertonic/hypertonic] to the fish, so water diffuses [into/out of] the fish. a. Hypertonic, into b. Hypertonic, out of c. Hypotonic, into d. Hypotonic, out of Which of the following is an accurate differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a. Prokaryotic cells are larger b. Eukaryotic cells have nuclei, prokaryotic cells do not c. Eukaryotic cells have ribosomes, prokaryotic cells do not d. Eukaryotic cells have DNA, prokaryotic cells do not e. Prokaryotic cells have cell walls, eukaryotic cells do not Which organelle is most likely to be most prominent in cells of the intestines that are producing digestive enzymes to break down food in the digestive tract? a. Free ribosomes b. Lysozymes c. Mitochondria d. Smooth ER e. Rough ER Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)? a. The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge. b. Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge. c. Ammonia has an overall positive charge. d. Ammonia has an overall negative charge. Which of the following subatomic particles always has a positive charge? a. Atom b. Electron c. Ion d. Neutron e. Proton Changing the number of __________ would change an atom into an atom of a different element. a. Bonds formed by an atom b. Electrons circling the nucleus of an atom c. Neutrons in an atom d. Particles in the nucleus of an atom e. Protons in an atom The atoms of different phosphorus isotopes _____. a. Have different numbers of electrons b. Have different numbers of neutrons c. Have different numbers of protons d. React differently with other atoms Hydrogen bonding is most often seen __________. a. When the bonds within the molecule are non-polar covalent bonds b. When hydrogen is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom c. When multiple carbon atoms are present d. If the molecule consists of three or fewer atoms e. When the molecule's three-dimensional shape is tetrahedral Why are certain isotopes of elements useful in medical imaging technologies? a. Heavier isotopes move slower and are easier to visualize b. Radioactive decay of unstable isotopes allow their location and movement within the body to be visualized c. Stable isotopes will not produce radioactivity as they decay, thus avoiding harm to the patient d. Stable isotopes will persist throughout the test e. Unstable isotopes will decay and disappear at the end of the medical test How are the hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules? a. By the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule with the negative end of the other b. By sharing of electrons between two water molecules c. By sharing protons between two water molecules d. By the transfer of electrons from one water molecule to the other Which classes of organic biomolecules can have a structural function? a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Nucleic acids d. Proteins e. A and B f. A and D Sulfur can form two covalent bonds like oxygen, but it is less electronegative than oxygen. Compared to water molecules, how will the H2S molecules behave? a. Have greater cohesion to other H2S molecules b. Have a greater tendency to form hydrogen bonds with each other c. Have a higher boiling point than water d. Not be able to form hydrogen bonds with each other What happens to compounds made of ionic bonds when they are dissolved in water? a. Atoms in the ionic compound will be held together by hydrogen bonds b. Atoms in the ionic compound will share electrons c. Compound will dissociate into ions d. Will share electrons with water molecules e. Will not dissolve in water Which of the following statements correctly describes the property of hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil? a. Non-polar substances that have an attraction for water molecules b. Non-polar substances that repel water molecules c. Polar substances that have an affinity for water d. Polar substances that repel water molecules According to the Homeoviscous Adaptation hypothesis, which of the following should have the greatest proportion of unsaturated phospholipids? a. Cells acclimated to colder temperatures b. Cells acclimated to warmer temperatures c. Cells acclimated to dry conditions d. Cells acclimated to wet conditions e. Cells from individuals on a low cholesterol diet f. Cells from individuals on a high cholesterol diet Which of the following statements distinguishes starch and glycogen? a. Starch is branched, glycogen is unbranched b. Starch is a lipid, glycogen is a carbohydrate c. Starch is found in plants, glycogen is found in animals d. Starch is used for energy storage, glycogen is structural A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which __________. a. The bonds between the individual monomers of a polymer are broken by the addition of water molecules b. Water molecules are attracted to each other c. Water molecules are produced as a polymer formed from monomers d. Water molecules are used as a source of raw material to break down polymers to monomers e. None of the above The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because ________. a. The electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus b. One of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom c. The oxygen atom donates an electron to each of the hydrogen atoms d. The oxygen atom has two pairs of electrons in its valence shell that are not neutralized by hydrogen atoms What monomers make up polysaccharides like glycogen and cellulose? a. Fructose b. Galactose c. Glucose d. Ribose e. All of the above