ATI TEAS Reading Study Guide Logical Inferences (logically be inferred) and Conclusion

ATI TEAS Reading Study Guide Logical Inferences (logically be inferred) and Conclusion  Look for clues  Read between the lines  Never pick “all of the above” or “both of the above”  Must be supported by the text  Conclusion made based on the logic presented  An inference is a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning  When you’re reading, it’s helpful to look for patterns or relationships in the text that might shed greater light on the subject Implications  Author doesn’t state directly but the reader can assume based off info Identify the topic, main idea, and supporting details: Who/what the paragraph is about?  Topic o Topic is the subject of text o First sentence of each paragraph until you find the correct one o Look at the answers and see which sentence appears in the paragraph  Main idea o Important point by author o Thesis statement-last sentence of the first paragraph  Supporting details o Provides evidence and backing for the main point o Same paragraph as the topic sentence  Summary o First sentence of the last paragraph o Appears at the end of a paragraph, chapter, section, document Follow a given set of directions  Complete each step before moving to the next  Find key terms that signify order Printed Communications  Memo o Written by and for members of the same organization o Official documents o Organized with numbers, bullet points, makes it easier to identify key ideas  Posted Announcement o Flyers, notices o Need to have all information to act on message  Classified Advertisement o Ads in newspapers, circulars, online o Begins with what is being sold or sought o Can contain abbreviations, price, and contact information  Scale reading o Reading standard measurement instruments  Legend or Key of a map  Events of sequence o Order in which things happen Facts and Opinion  Facts o Facts do not contain any opinions o Passages with numbers are almost always a fact o Doesn’t reveal author’s feelings o Information can be proven or verified are facts  Opinion o Indicates words like believe, think, or feel o Not true or false o One person’s viewpoint o Words that can indicate opinions: should, best, seems, most, good, better, worst Biases and Stereotypes  Biases o Someone’s personal opinion o Unfair/inaccurate and the author ignores reasonable counterargument o Opinion words: should, best, good, seems, etc  Stereotypes o Opinion of some people towards race, gender, other certain groups of people o Opinion words: should, best, good, seems, etc o Look to see if the passage refers to/labels a group of people o Passing judgement Text in various formats  Persuasive/Argumentative o Author convinces reader to believe something about a topic o Must be able to portray strong opinion words: in the first place, without a doubt, unquestionably, from my point of view, should, good, best, seeing, most  Problem/Solution o Problem presented followed by a solution, challenges reader to take action  Expository o If you see numbers, most of the time it means expository o Factual, the author informs, explains, or tells how to o Historical passages are expository o Textbook, all factual  Cause/Effect o Cause (since, because, due too…) and effect (consequently, therefore…)  Compare/contrast o Compare is to find similarities (both, same, too, like, as well…) o Contrast is to identify differences (but, however, yet, instead)  Procedure o First, next, then, last, in closing…  Descriptive o Focuses on particular subject and attempts to depict subject to be clear to readers  Narrative o Personal story, passages with pronouns mostly likely narrative o Fiction, dialogs, people talking, quotation marks, conversation o Purpose is to entertain, inform, and challenge  Technical o Describes complex objects or process  Denotation o Nonfiction, literal meaning of word (dictionary def) Interpret the meaning of words and phrases using context  Distinguish between connotation, denotation, and figurative language  Denotation o Nonfiction, literal meaning of word (dictionary def)  Connotation o Beyond denotation by including emotional reaction, the implied meaning of a word or idea  Figurative o Figure of speech  Simile o Comparison between two unlike things by using “like or as”  Metaphor o Comparison between unlike things without using like or as  Personification o Giving human attributes to something nonhuman Mood vs. Tone  Mood o How passage makes you feel  Tone o How the passage makes author feel Determine the denotative meaning of words  Identify the correct definition of a word and a source to find vocabulary definitions Evaluate the author’s purpose in a given text  Ask yourself whether the author is trying to persuade, inform, or entertain  Narrative o Often serve to entertain an audience  Informational o Used to inform readers about a specific topic  Persuasive o Advertisements, newspapers, made to persuade  Author Purpose o The writer’s purpose with passage o Easy as PIE o “P” stands for “persuade”-advertisements use to persuade to make a purchase o “I” stands for “inform”-newspapers o “E” stands for “Entertain”-written to please the reader (novels, short stories, and poems) Author’s point of view in a given text  Headings and Subheadings o Printed in larger and bolder fonts  Footnotes and Endnotes o Footnotes are at the bottom of the page o Endnotes are like footnotes but its at the end of the paragraphs, chapters, documents  Bold Text and Underline o Bold is often because the author wants to emphasize the point, importance, key terms, o Underlining serves a similar purpose, used to suggest emphasis, used titles of books, magazines, art  Italics o Important word, phrase and sentences in a text  Index o At the end of book o Find information about specific topics  Table of Contents o List of different subjects or chapter titles with a page number Primary sources in various media  Primary sources o Documentary evidence closest to the subject being studied  Internet sources Making Predictions and Drawing Conclusion  Predictions o Guessing about what is going to happen next  Foreshadowing o Author hinting about what is going to happen next  Drawing conclusions o Information they have read Themes in print and other sources  Theme o An issue, idea, or a question raised by the text o Supposed to be an oversimplification of the story’s meaning o Main topic or central idea  Similar themes across cultures o Writers from different cultures address similar themes  Difference in addressing themes in various cultures and genres o Similar themes but done in different ways Evaluating an argument  Argument or persuasive o Passage should be a calm and reasonable presentation of an author’s idea for others to consider  Evidence o Refers to information that supports a main point, minor point and conclusion