Nur2063 essentials of pathophysiology latest Exam

Nur2063 essentials of pathophysiology latest Exam What are the functions of the kidneys? CORRECT ANSWERRegulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? CORRECT ANSWERdribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? CORRECT ANSWERADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? CORRECT ANSWERperipheral tissue insulin resistance What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? CORRECT ANSWERExophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism What processes occur during fasting? CORRECT ANSWERglucogenesis; glycogenesis What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? CORRECT ANSWERadipose/ fat What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? CORRECT ANSWERGoiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? CORRECT ANSWERmyxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? CORRECT ANSWERfatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? CORRECT ANSWERnumbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? CORRECT ANSWERfruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? CORRECT ANSWERnegative feedback loop What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? CORRECT ANSWERGrowth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins What is diabetes insipidus? CORRECT ANSWERa disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus CORRECT ANSWERpolyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? CORRECT ANSWERExcessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. - Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - • ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor - Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric disturbance - Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism CORRECT ANSWERWeakness. - Fatigue. - Cold intolerance. - Constipation. - Weight gain. - Depression. - Joint or muscle pain. - Brittle fingernails. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism CORRECT ANSWERfatigue. - lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. - muscle weakness. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism CORRECT ANSWERhypertension and hypokalemia clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism CORRECT ANSWERHigh blood pressure. - Low level of potassium in the blood. - Feeling tired all the time. - Headache. - Muscle weakness. - Numbness. What is myxedema? CORRECT ANSWERsevere hypothyroidism; non pitting edema What are the causes of hypothyroidism? CORRECT ANSWERHashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism head or neck radiation for cancer iodine deficiency What are the three p's in diabetes? CORRECT ANSWERpolydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? CORRECT ANSWERPrimary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? CORRECT ANSWERExcessive corticosteroids What is acute gastritis? CORRECT ANSWERTransient inflammation of the gastric mucosa What is chronic gastritis? CORRECT ANSWERChronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune. What causes gastritis? CORRECT ANSWERAcute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance) Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori What is amenorrhea? CORRECT ANSWER- absence of menstruation