Focus on Nursing Pharmacology (Karch) (Radford University Spring 2024 Nursing Roanoke campus) Chapter 1 Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers

Focus on Nursing Pharmacology (Karch) (Radford University Spring 2024 Nursing Roanoke campus) Chapter 1 Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers Pharmacology - answeris the study of the biological effects of chemicals Drugs - answerare chemicals that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change Pharmacotherapeutics - answera.k.a. Clinical pharmacology branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease Pharmacology addresses two concerns - answerthe drug's effects on the body the body's response to the drug What are nursing responsibilities regarding drug therapy? - answerAdministering drugs Assessing drug effects Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable Providing patient teaching about drugs and the drug regimen Monitoring the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors Adverse effects - answerdrug effects that are not desired therapeutic effects; may be unpleasant or even dangerous Sources of drugs - answerdrugs can come from plants, foods, animals, salts of inorganic compounds, or synthetic sources Provide examples of plant-derived drugs - answerdigitalis products used to treat cardiac disorders and various opiates used for sedation Provide example of synthetic version of the active chemical found in a plant - answerDronabinol (Marinol), which contains the active ingredient delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol found in marijuana. This drug helps to prevent nausea and vomiting in cancer patients but does not have all of the adverse effects that occur when marijuana leaf is smoked. The synthetic version of the active ingredient allows for an accepted form to achieve the desired therapeutic effect in cancer patients. Provide example of how ingestion of plant-derived foods can sometimes lead to a drug effect - answerthe body converts licorice to a false aldosterone-a hormone found in the body- resulting in fluid retention and hypokalemia or low serum potassium levels if large amounts of licorice are eaten Inorganic compounds/ elements used for their therapeutic effects - answer*Aluminum* = (1)antacid to decrease gastric acidity (2) management of hyperphosphotemia (3) prevention of the formation of phosphate urinary stones *Fluorine* = (1) prevention of dental cavities (2) prevention of osteoporosis *Gold* = treatment of rheumatoid arthritis *Iron* = treatment of iron deficiency anemia Genetic engineering - answerprocess of altering DNA, usually of bacteria to produce a chemical to be used as a drug e.g. production of human insulin by altering Escherichia coli bacteria, making insulin a better product without some of the impurities that come with animal products. Thyroid drugs and growth hormone preparations are not created synthetically Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - answerfederal agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of development and sale of drugs. FDA regulated tests are designed to ensure the safety and reliability of any drug approved in this country. Preclinical trials - answerinitial trial of a chemical thought to have therapeutic potential; uses laboratory animals, not human subjects PURPOSE: - to determine whether they have the presumed effects in living tissue - to evaluate any adverse effects Why are some chemicals discarded at the end of preclinical trials? - answer* the chemical lacks therapeutic activity when used with living animals * the chemical is *too toxic to living animals* to be worth the risk of developing into a drug * the chemical is highly teratogenic (causing adverse effects to the fetus) * the safety margins are so small that the chemical would not be useful in the clinical setting Phase I study - answera pilot study of a potential drug done with a small number of selected, healthy human male volunteers - studies are more tightly controlled than preclinical trials - performed by specially trained clinical investigators - women are not selected , too much risk is involved in taking a drug that might destroy or alter the ova DRUGS DRopped at the end of Phase I due to : 1) lack therapeutic activity in humans 2) are too toxic 3) produce unacceptable side effects Phase II study - answera clinical study of a proposed drug by selected physicians using actual patients who have the disorder the drug is designed to treat; patients must provide informed consent DRUGS REMOVED due to: (1) less effective than anticipated (2) are too toxic (3) Produce unacceptable side effects (4) have a low benefit-to-risk ratio (5) are not as effective as available drugs Phase III study - answeruse of a proposed drug on a wide scale in the clinical setting with patients who have the disease the drug is thought to treat DRUGS are removed if : (1) produce unacceptable side effects (2) produce unexpected responses Phase IV study - answercontinual evaluation of a drug after it has been released for marketing Brand name - answername given to the drug by the pharmaceutical company that developed it, aka trade name BRAND NAME IS ALWAYS ITALICIZED Generic name - answerthe original designation that a drug is given when the drug company that developed it applies for the approval process Generic drugs - answerdrugs sold by their generic name; not brand or trade name products Chemical names - answerare names that reflect the chemical structure of a drug what is FDA's primary concern in drug approval? - answerpublic safety Bonus Q (D2L): Drug label identifies the brand and generic names for the drug, the drug dosage, the expiration date, and sp