Focus on Nursing Pharmacology - Amy M. Karch - Chapter 2 Exam with Complete Solutions

Focus on Nursing Pharmacology - Amy M. Karch - Chapter 2 Exam with Complete Solutions Absorption - answerwhat happens to a drug from the time it enters the body until it enters the circulating fluid; intravenous administration causes the drug to directly enter the circulating blood, bypassing the many complications of absorption from other routes Active Transport - answerthe movement of substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; this process requires the use of energy biotransformation Chemotherapeutic Agents - answersynthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations; this term is frequently used to refer to the drug therapy of neoplasms, but it also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell Critical Concentration - answerthe concentration a drug must reach in the tissues that respond to the particular drug to cause the desired effect Distribution - answerthe movement of a drug to body tissues; the places where a drug may be distributed depend on the drugs solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the site to plasma proteins Enzyme Induction - answerprocess by which the presence of a chemical that is biotransformed by a particular enzyme system in the liver causes increased activity of that enzyme system Excretion - answerremoval of a drug by the body; primarily occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur in the kidneys, skin, lungs, bile or feces First Pass Effect - answera phenomenon of which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher doses than drugs given in other routes because of this early breakdown Glomerular Filtration - answerthe passage of water and water soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule Half-Life - answerthe time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved