WGU Course D398 Intro To Pharmacology

WGU Course D398 Intro To Pharmacology Drug Standards rules set to assure that consumers get what they pay for, that all preparations by the same drug name must be of uniform strength, quality, and purity 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act drinks and drugs. Prohibits the sale and transport of adulterated or mislabeled food, Prohibits the mislabeling and misbranding of products. 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act created to enforce rules such as labeling, drug approval before release, and warning labels (such as "may cause drowsiness") 1970 Controlled Substances Act established the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). This act set strict standards for abused drugs and required prescribers to register with the DEA. , who enforces the laws included in this act. controlled substance the five schedules A drug that has the potential for addiction and abuse Schedule I includes substances like heroin that have the highest risk of abuse and are not approved for medical use in the United States. Schedule II includes psychostimulants (e.g., amphetamine) and opioid-based medications (e.g., morphine) that have a high risk of abuse and dependence but have accepted medical uses. Schedule III includes certain barbiturate sedatives and anabolic steroids with moderate to low abuse and dependence risk. Schedule IV includes sedative agents like diazepam and phenobarbital, which have a low risk of abuse and dependence. Schedule V includes drugs used for epilepsy, cough suppressants, and antidiarrheal medications and has the lowest risk for abuse and dependence. What is one of the functions of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in ensuring consumer safety? Investigating and removing unsafe drugs from the market drug classes help with identification and safe prescribing of drugs by classifying them into specific categories based on how they act three drug identifiers a chemical name a generic name a trade name (brand name) Parenteral injected with needles or syringes, the fastest way to administer drugs into the body because they bypass the absorption step and begin acting immediately topical absorbed into the body through a certain barrier or membrane, such as the skin, eyes, lungs, or nasal passages Po or Per os Bid or Bis in die C or Cum by mouth Twice daily With Rx or Recipere Take factor-label method used to change the unit of measurement for a given drug dose, which allows a professional to convert a drug dose from one system to another. This method uses equivalent fractions, where the denominator is always one. rights of drug administration Right client Right time Right documentation Right route Right technique Right dosage sentinel events Right drug or drug form the most severe errors that result in death or significant harm to a client The five steps of medication reconciliation 1. develop a list of current medications 2. develop a list of medications to be prescribed 3. compare the medications on the two lists 4. make clinical decisions based on the comparison 5. communicate the new list to the appropriate caregivers and patient Poison Control number and email ages at most risk of being poisoned absorption and between the ages 1 and 5 how a drug moves from its site of delivery into the bloodstream before it can act in the body NG PR nasogastric tube rectally (per rectum) enteral routes parenteral routes through the GI tract (oral, sublingual, rectal, nasogastric, and buccal) any route other than GI tract (injections) non-parenteral (stand-alone) routes sublingual, topical, transdermal, ophthalmic (eyes), otic (ears), transvaginal, inhalation, and nasal routes of medication administration teratogenic effect from maternal drug administration that causes physical defects in fetus intravenous infusions (IV) used to administer liquids, replacing body fluids or medications in critical situations by injecting into a vein Pharmacokinetics (PK) the study of how the body responds to chemicals over time. It looks at what happens to the medication as it moves through the body. The four primary factors that PK studies are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) Distribution metabolism transferring the drug from the bloodstream to the body's organ cells and fluids. essential to understanding how drugs work in the body, physiological systems chemically alter most medications through metabolism into molecules that exert an effect and then become eliminated in the body. These chemical changes mainly occur in the liver. Excretion Synergism Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body interaction between two medications in which one aids the other to achieve an effect that neither could produce alone Potentiation other's effects Antagonism the interaction between two medications in which one prolongs or increases the when one medicine reduces or diminishes the impact of another cardiac glycosides medications that can enhance the force of cardiac contractions by acting directly on the heart muscle. In individuals with heart failure, cardiac glycosides improve cardiac output by increasing the power of ventricular contractions. digoxin (Lanoxin) a cardiac glycoside used to enhance heart contractions Side effects: irritability, tremors, seizures, double vision, visual halos, and inability to sleep antiarrhythmic medicines arrhythmias in diverse ways amiodarone (Cordarone) comprise several drugs that suppress various kinds of heart An oral and injectable antiarrhythmic drug Side effects: tremors, numbness, visual disturbances, lung scarring, or thickness (known as pulmonary fibrosis) beta-blockers the body. blood pressure-lowering medicine and function by blocking the beta receptors in metoprolol (Toprol) a beta blocker Side effects: dizziness, fatigue, confusion, low blood sugar calcium channel blockers agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension amlodipine (Norvasc) a calcium channel blocker to lower blood pressure Side effects: edema (swelling), abdominal discomfort, and headache Diuretics used to decrease blood pressure by helping rid the body of salt (sodium) and water through increased urine. hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide) diuretic Side effects: frequent urination, low potassium, and low magnesium (supplements are sometimes given to maintain electrolyte levels) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors drugs that relax veins and arteries to reduce blood pressure. They are medications that work by blocking the ACE enzyme in the body, which leads to a decrease in angiotensin II, a chemical that narrows blood vessels. Reducing the levels of angiotensin II can help to relax and widen blood vessels, which can improve blood flow and lower