1. ORGANIZATION of the BODY
− transverse/horizontal plane:
o divides the body into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) portions
o perpendicular to the long axis of the body
o runs horizontally
o movements occurring within the plane →
rotation
− sagittal/longitudinal plane:
o divides the body into left and right halves
o median/midsagittal plane = the plane passing
through the midline of the body
o parasagittal plane = the plane is off-centre
o movements within the plane → flexion,
extension
− coronal/frontal plane:
o divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
o perpendicular to the ground and the sagittal plane
o movements within the plane → abduction and adduction
− dorsal = back side of the body & ventral = front side or belly side of the body
− anterior = toward the front of the body & posterior = toward the back of the body
− medial = nearer to the midline & lateral = further from the midline
− superior = higher or above another part of the body & inferior = lower or below another part of the
body
− cranial/rostral/cephalic = nearer to the head & caudal = nearer to the tail
− proximal = closer to the body (limb structures) & distal = further from the body (limb structures)
− deep = further inside the body; away from the body surface & superficial = closer to the body
surface
− central = near the centre of an organ or structure & peripheral = outer surface or edge of an organ
or structure
− physiology = functions of living organisms and their parts
− anatomy = structure of living organisms and their parts
− metabolism = all chemical reactions in the body, including anabolism and catabolism
− anabolism = synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones
− catabolism = breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
, 2. SKIN
− epidermis:
o outer layer
o epithelial tissue
o stratum corneum = the most superficial layer consisting of non-living cells, waterproof,
protection against dehydration and bacteria
o stratum basal = the deepest layer, active keratinocytes division, melanin production by
melanocytes, Merkel cells (sensory receptors), dendrocytes becoming macrophages
o keratin structures: claws, nails, hoofs, horns, antlers, hairs, and feathers
− dermis:
o beneath epidermis
o connective tissue
o blood capillaries, hair roots, sensory receptors (free nerve endings/encapsulated)
o exocrine sweat and oil glands
o papillary layer = superficial layer that connects the dermis and the epidermis
o reticular layer = the deeper and thicker layer where all the structures are embedded,
provides strength, elasticity, and structural support to the skin (collagen and elastin fibres)
− hypodermis = superficial fascia under the dermis, not part of the skin
, 3. MOTOR SYSTEM
SKELETON
− bones + joints
− storage place for Ca
− continually remodelled by osteoclasts (remove bone) and osteoblasts (deposit bone) → Ca
release/storage
− ligaments = connective tissue binding adjacent bones
− tendons = connective tissue binding muscles to bones
− joint:
o a structure connecting two or more bones
allowing them to move relative to each other
o freely movable in the appendicular skeleton
o stabilized by tendons
o covered by the smooth hyaline (articular)
cartilage
o lubricating synovial fluid within the joint capsule
− axial skeleton:
o central axis of the body
o skull, vertebral column, rib cage
o protection of vital organs →
brain, spinal cord, thoracic
organs
− appendicular skeleton:
o limbs → arms (humerus,
radius, ulna) and legs
(femur, tibia, fibula)
o pectoral and pelvic girdles
(shoulders and hips)
o movement and locomotion
− compact/dense bone:
o shaft (diaphysis) of long
bones
o osteons = microscopic cylindrical structures, a structural bone unit, consists of lamellae and
the Haversian canal (blood vessels and nerves)
o lamellae = concentric layers of bone matrix making up an osteon
o osteocytes = mature bone cells housed within lacunae
o lacunae = fluid-filled spaces in the bone matrix housing osteocytes
o canaliculi = tiny channels connecting lacunae and allowing communication between
osteocytes
− spongy/cancellous bone:
o ends (epiphyses) of long bones
o bony trabeculae
− transverse/horizontal plane:
o divides the body into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) portions
o perpendicular to the long axis of the body
o runs horizontally
o movements occurring within the plane →
rotation
− sagittal/longitudinal plane:
o divides the body into left and right halves
o median/midsagittal plane = the plane passing
through the midline of the body
o parasagittal plane = the plane is off-centre
o movements within the plane → flexion,
extension
− coronal/frontal plane:
o divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
o perpendicular to the ground and the sagittal plane
o movements within the plane → abduction and adduction
− dorsal = back side of the body & ventral = front side or belly side of the body
− anterior = toward the front of the body & posterior = toward the back of the body
− medial = nearer to the midline & lateral = further from the midline
− superior = higher or above another part of the body & inferior = lower or below another part of the
body
− cranial/rostral/cephalic = nearer to the head & caudal = nearer to the tail
− proximal = closer to the body (limb structures) & distal = further from the body (limb structures)
− deep = further inside the body; away from the body surface & superficial = closer to the body
surface
− central = near the centre of an organ or structure & peripheral = outer surface or edge of an organ
or structure
− physiology = functions of living organisms and their parts
− anatomy = structure of living organisms and their parts
− metabolism = all chemical reactions in the body, including anabolism and catabolism
− anabolism = synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones
− catabolism = breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
, 2. SKIN
− epidermis:
o outer layer
o epithelial tissue
o stratum corneum = the most superficial layer consisting of non-living cells, waterproof,
protection against dehydration and bacteria
o stratum basal = the deepest layer, active keratinocytes division, melanin production by
melanocytes, Merkel cells (sensory receptors), dendrocytes becoming macrophages
o keratin structures: claws, nails, hoofs, horns, antlers, hairs, and feathers
− dermis:
o beneath epidermis
o connective tissue
o blood capillaries, hair roots, sensory receptors (free nerve endings/encapsulated)
o exocrine sweat and oil glands
o papillary layer = superficial layer that connects the dermis and the epidermis
o reticular layer = the deeper and thicker layer where all the structures are embedded,
provides strength, elasticity, and structural support to the skin (collagen and elastin fibres)
− hypodermis = superficial fascia under the dermis, not part of the skin
, 3. MOTOR SYSTEM
SKELETON
− bones + joints
− storage place for Ca
− continually remodelled by osteoclasts (remove bone) and osteoblasts (deposit bone) → Ca
release/storage
− ligaments = connective tissue binding adjacent bones
− tendons = connective tissue binding muscles to bones
− joint:
o a structure connecting two or more bones
allowing them to move relative to each other
o freely movable in the appendicular skeleton
o stabilized by tendons
o covered by the smooth hyaline (articular)
cartilage
o lubricating synovial fluid within the joint capsule
− axial skeleton:
o central axis of the body
o skull, vertebral column, rib cage
o protection of vital organs →
brain, spinal cord, thoracic
organs
− appendicular skeleton:
o limbs → arms (humerus,
radius, ulna) and legs
(femur, tibia, fibula)
o pectoral and pelvic girdles
(shoulders and hips)
o movement and locomotion
− compact/dense bone:
o shaft (diaphysis) of long
bones
o osteons = microscopic cylindrical structures, a structural bone unit, consists of lamellae and
the Haversian canal (blood vessels and nerves)
o lamellae = concentric layers of bone matrix making up an osteon
o osteocytes = mature bone cells housed within lacunae
o lacunae = fluid-filled spaces in the bone matrix housing osteocytes
o canaliculi = tiny channels connecting lacunae and allowing communication between
osteocytes
− spongy/cancellous bone:
o ends (epiphyses) of long bones
o bony trabeculae
