NR503 Epidemiology Final,Midterm EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS(REVISED)

Common risk factors - ANSWER unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use Childhood risk - ANSWER conditions before birth and early in childhood influence health in adult life. Risk accumulation - ANSWER Ageing is an important marker of the accumulation of modifiable risks for chronic disease Underlying determinants - ANSWER a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic, and cultural change. I.e. globalization, urbanization, population ageing, and general policy environment Poverty - ANSWER interconnected with chronic disease in a vicious circle increasing exposure to risks and decreased access to health services Primary prevention - ANSWER aims to prevent disease. I.e. banning hazardous products, educating on healthy/safe habits, immunizations Secondary prevention - ANSWER reduce impact of disease or injury that has already occurred. I.e. screening tests, low-dose ASA, suitably modified work Tertiary prevention - ANSWER aims to soften impact of ongoing illness. I.e. cardiac or stroke rehab, support groups, vocational rehab Cross Cultural Health Care Program (CCHCP) - ANSWER materials to improve cultural competency among health providers to provide healthcare interventions and other cultural variants Marginalization - ANSWER Major cause of vulnerability referring to exposure to a range of possible harms Variables at risk for marginalization - ANSWER high risk health literacy, cultural barriers, low english proficiency Cultural competence - ANSWER a dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an individual, system or health care agency find meaningful and useful care delivery strategies based on knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those whom they render care Norms & values - ANSWER soecific practices that guide the actions and decisions of each person in a group based on their culture. Can be learned or shared. Kleinman Explanatory Model - ANSWER A set of questions that the APN can use in order to assess the culture of a patient. Socioeconomic status - ANSWER A measure that takes into account three interrelated dimensions: a person's income level, education level, and typ of occupation. Disparities - ANSWER a higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experiences by one grup relative to another Minorities - ANSWER a group of people who because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the other in society Food desert - ANSWER neighborhoods and communities that have limited access to affordable and nutritious foods