D058 Health Literacy for the Client and Family 2024 Questions And Answers

D058 Health Literacy for the Client and Family 2024 Assessment of one's ability to repeat and recall information; administered by a social worker - ANS BIMS BIMS, or the Brief Interview for Mental Status, is an assessment of one's ability to repeat and recall information; administered by a social worker. Assessment for determining alcohol addiction/dependence; may be self-administered or as part of a clinical interview - ANS CAGE The CAGE assessment for alcoholism is an assessment for determining alcohol addiction/dependence; may be self-administered or as part of a clinical interview. Preliminary assessment on the frequency of depressed mood over a period of two weeks; may be self-administered by patient, may lead to an additional assessment - ANS PHQ-2 PHQ-2, or the Patient Health Questionnaire-2, is a preliminary assessment on the frequency of depressed mood over a period of two weeks; may be self-administered by patient, may lead to an additional assessment. Assessment that presents nine questions for screening, diagnosing, monitoring and measuring the severity of depression; administered by a care provider - ANS PHQ-9 PHQ-9, or the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, is an assessment that presents nine questions for screening, diagnosing, monitoring and measuring the severity of depression; administered by a care provider. Notes health-related data that must be gathered from the patient during initial interview - ANS EHR Checklist The EHR Checklist, or Electronic Health Record, notes health-related data that must be gathered from the patient during initial interview. Assessment that consists of questions that assess 13 different psychiatric disorder categories, based on the frequency of various symptoms over a two-week period - ANS DSM-5 DSM-5, or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is an assessment that consists of questions that assess 13 different psychiatric disorder categories, based on the frequency of various symptoms over a two-week period. Assessment that helps a care team make a determination of the level of cognitive or memory decline; administered by a clinician - ANS MMSE MMSE, or the Mini Mental Status Exam, is an assessment that helps a care team make a determination of the level of cognitive or memory decline; administered by a clinician. Assessment originally designed to help identify children in need of special education; a high percentage of individuals with high scores may report anxiety or mood disorders - ANS IQ Test IQ, or the Intelligence uotient test, is an assessment originally designed to help identify children in need of special education; a high percentage of individuals with high scores may report anxiety or mood disorders. Assessment of the characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression; may be self-administered prior to visit with a clinical provider - ANS BDI BDI, or Beck's Depression Inventory, is an assessment of the characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression; may be self-administered prior to visit with a clinical provider. 10-item questionnaire that screens for harmful alcohol consumption - ANS AUDIT AUDIT, or the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, is a 10-item questionnaire that screens for harmful alcohol consumption. Assessment that screens opioid abuse potential in individuals prescribed opioids for treatment of chronic pain; may be self-administered prior to initial visit prior to beginning opioid pain management therapy - ANS ORT ORT, or the Opiate Risk Tool, is an assessment that screens opioid abuse potential in individuals prescribed opioids for treatment of chronic pain; may be self-administered prior to initial visit prior to beginning opioid pain management therapy. Assessment used by a clinical provider to address a patient's level of suicide risk; the provider suggests appropriate intervention - ANS SAFE-T SAFE-T, or the Suicide Assessment Five-step Evaluation and Triage, is an assessment used by a clinical provider to address a patient's level of suicide risk; the provider suggests appropriate intervention. Assessment used to screen for post-traumatic stress disorder; administered by a clinical provider in a primary care setting - ANS PC-PTSD PC-PTSD, or the Primary Care Post-Traumatic Distress Disorder, is an assessment used to screen for post-traumatic stress disorder; administered by a clinical provider in a primary care setting. Screening tool for assessing a patient's ability to read common medical words and establish health literacy - ANS REALM REALM, or the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine, is a screening tool for assessing a patient's ability to read common medical words and establish health literacy This self-assessment would be used as a preliminary screen for the symptoms of depression that a patient has experienced over a two-week period: - ANS PHQ-2 If a patient's screen result is positive, a clinical provider would then follow up with the PHQ-9 assessment to determine the degree of severity of that patient's depression, then explore treatment options. Peter Jones is a 70-year-old patient who has been experiencing increasing difficulty remembering daily tasks, taking medication, and at times, recognizing family members who come to his home to assist with his care. His provider administers the BIM assessment, and based upon the results, may need to explore options for management of Alzheimer's Disease. Which treatment interventions may be helpful to him? - ANS Possible interventions include physical exercise, the use of cognitive training, medication, immunotherapy, or herbal medicines. Linda Watson, at the insistence of her family, has decided to speak with her provider concerning her misuse of alcohol and the prescription medication that she has been taking to manage chronic pain from a severe back injury. The CAGE and ORT assessments determine that she may need to consider treatment options that will help her to restore healthier life habits, while also controlling her pain. Which treatment options may be appropriate for her? - ANS Therapy with an addiction psychiatrist, psychologist, or addiction treatment program, along with strategies for reducing negative behaviors that are associated with daily administration of medication to control pain. Janelle Campbell brings her teenage daughter, Monique, to her pediatrician to discuss Monique's symptoms of unexplained withdrawal, sadness and other forms of emotional distress. After taking the PHQ-2, Monique is positively diagnosed with depression, and is referred to a mental health provider who follows up with a PHQ-9 assessment to determine the level of severity of her depressive disorder. What treatment options may the psychiatrist present to Monique and her family for major depression? - ANS The patient may consider antidepressant or psychotherapy, along with support, education, and monitoring. Miranda Gonzales visited her doctor to address increasingly uncontrolled mood swings that make it very difficult for her to manage the relationships in her life, and are also causing her problems at work, both in her relationships and ability to focus on her job tasks. Her care provider administers the DSM-5 and she is diagnosed with bipolar disorder. What types of mental health disorder interventions might her provider present to her? - ANS The patient's provider may present options such as psychotherapy, certain medications, ongoing case management to support her, support groups, a self-help plan, and various forms of peer support. John Anderson just lost his wife about a year ago. He has struggled with coping with her loss, which has strained other relationships with family members. After months of not leaving his home and feeling that he cannot cope with the losses he has experienced, he calls a suicide crisis line as a last resort. The counselor he is connected with walks through the SAFE-T assessment, and John is able to be connected with a mental health provider to present him with options for regaining his will to live and to cope with the challenges he faces. What types of treatment options might that provider? - ANS The patient's provider may present options such as medication therapy, cognitive and dialectical behavioral therapy, or electroconvulsive therapy. Sarah Mason is a college student who survived an active shooter incident at her school a few months ago. While she survived with minimal physical injuries, she witnessed friends and classmates who were either seriously injured or lost their lives in the attack. She lives with nightmares about the shooter, is afraid to leave her apartment, and doesn't know how to cope with the feelings of fear and guilt over surviving while others died. After speaking to a school counselor, she is referred to a care team who administers the PTSD-PC assessment. After determining her PTSD diagnosis, what treatment options may be presented to her? - ANS The types of talk therapy that may be presented to patient with these issues include cognitive processing therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, or narrative exposure therapies. Hafida Ahmed moved to the United States with family members about 10 years ago. She is 75- years-old and speaks English as a second language. She was recently diagnosed with both high blood pressure and rheumatoid arthritis and was provided with written materials during a recent discussion with her provider. She is hesitant to tell her provider that she doesn't fully understand all of the information she was given, but isn't sure how to communicate that. A family member shares her concerns with the HSC, who then passes that information on to the care team. Mrs. Ahmed completes the REALM assessment, and based on the results, may need to be provided with accommodations that will help her to increase her health literacy so she may best manage her complex health conditions. What types of resources might be useful to her? - ANS The care team may provide the patient with written and visual materials that are easy to read and understand, video tutorials, and in-person assessments that allow them to talk through information and ensure that she is able to address any concerns that she has about her care and the medication she has been prescribed. Of the mental health disorders listed, which condition is preventable? - ANS Suicide Suicide is associated with a mental health disorder in 90% of patients at the time of their death. Statistically, most individuals who attempt or succeed at suicide saw a primary care or mental health care provider in the months prior to their death. Proper assessment and treatment and following the SAFE-T protocol can help prevent suicide and provide the patient with therapeutic treatment options. Why should patients living in poverty be assessed to ensure that they understand why maintaining their health is important? - ANS Patients living in poverty or economic duress may be less likely to pursue health care because of the cost, so may not have the opportunity to have their medical and behavioral health issues address. Individuals in these groups may also have poverty-driven values and low health literacy that may impede their ability to understand the value and necessity of preventive care and seeing a medical provider when physical or mental illness symptoms present themselves. Patients should be provided options for managing the costs associated with their care, such as Medicaid or Medicare coverage, along with other public and private services that help to offset the costs associated with health care. Why should a patient's physical environment be considered when an HSC is providing a referral for an assessment or provider appointment? What patient issues should be considered? - ANS Patients in rural or urban areas may have compromised transportation access, or there may be limited availability of adequate providers in their area that they could seek out to assess their medical and behavioral health issues. How does a patient's level of education impact how they perceive their health and how to maintain any health conditions they may have? How do past experiences impact how a patient perceives healthcare? - ANS A patient's level of education is associated with health literacy, exposure to healthcare-related terms and treatments, and personal values and expectations concerning how to manage one's health. Many patients with little education may be unaware of treatment options available, or may be distrustful of providers because of other social inequities they may have experienced. Assessments like REALM may be very helpful in determining pateints' health literacy level and the resources they may need in order to understand their health conditions and what treatment options they may have available. Patients may wish to be referred to providers with a similar background or have language proficiencies to better meet their needs. During initial patient assessment that would be part of an EHR checklist, why should a patient be asked if he or she has enough to eat on a regular basis? - ANS Poverty and low health literacy, combined with a lack of access to healthy food options, may lead to worsening of health conditions. Access to nutritious food are among factors that should be assessed as part of a patient's initial health assessment with the HSC and other members of the care team. What issues may exist on the care team that need to be addressed to ensure that every patient, regardless of their background, gains access to quality care and services? - ANS Provider bias and cultural/linguistic barriers may also prevent patients from gaining access to healthcare assessment, treatment plans, and the support systems they may need to help them self-manage their health. Health professional training is necessary to help identify and deal with the sources of provider bias. Additionally, care teams may seek guidance from the Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services standards that guide healthcare professionals in how they may assess and treat patients in a culturally and linguistically appropriate manner. Which SDOH impacts a patient's ability to gain access to linguistically and culturally competent providers? - ANS Healthcare System Healthcare systems have a responsibility to ensure that providers have training to be linguistically and culturally competent, be sensitive to patients' cultural values, and ensure that both assessments and treatments are administered so that cultural factors do not negatively impact assessment results or treatment options. A young adult patient was admitted to the emergency department for driving while under the influence for the third time in a five-month period. After completing the patient assessment form, the health service coordinator (HSC) recognizes that this patient may have an addiction problem. Which assessment tool is appropriate for determining alcohol and drug abuse risk? - ANS Screening Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) Which trauma-focused psychotherapy helps those suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) gain control by facing negative feelings? - ANS Prolonged Exposure Prolonged exposure teaches sufferers of PTSD how to face negative feelings by talking about the trauma, and participating in activities previously avoided since the traumatic event. The healthcare coordinator and the healthcare provider are reviewing the results of a PHQ-9 assessment test. Which diagnostic criterion outlined in the DSM-5 implicates an official diagnosis of depression? - ANS Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day is a criterion outlined in the DSM-5 implicating an official diagnosis of depression. A patient who constantly seeks multiple "second opinions" due to skepticism about information provided by members of the care team. - ANS Expressing mistrust A patient who constantly seeks multiple "second opinions" due to skepticism about information provided by members of the care team is expressing mistrust. An elderly patient wants to be included in conversations concerning her care, rather than having her care discussed with family members in front of her. - ANS Expressing autonomy An elderly patient who wants to be included in conversations concerning her care, rather than having her care discussed with family members in front of her is expressing autonomy. A teenage patient wants to begin setting and attending provider appointments on her own. - ANS Expressing identity A teenage patient who wants to begin setting and attending provider appointments on her own is expressing identity. A patient who loses his job begins to withdraw from his family, his confidence decreases, and he falls into depression. - ANS Expressing isolation A patient who loses his job begins to withdraw from his family, his confidence decreases, and he falls into depression is expressing isolation. A terminal patient calmly gathers her family to go over her living will and power of attorney so her family won't have to worry about anything when she is no longer living. - ANS Expressing integrity A terminal patient who calmly gathers her family to go over her living will and power of attorney so her family won't have to worry about anything when she is no longer living is expressing integrity. HSC connects a client with a community resource that trains individuals in high-risk, low-income situations, teaches them a trade skill, and works with area employers for placement in jobs with decent wages - ANS Security needs HSC connecting a client with a community resource that trains individuals in high-risk, low-income situations, teaches them a trade skill, and works with area employers for placement in jobs with decent wages is the security needs level. HSC arranges weekly meals-on-wheels delivery for an elderly client - ANS Physiological needs HSC arranging weekly meals-on-wheels delivery for an elderly client is the physiological needs level. HSC recounts a client's progress with his alcohol treatment, celebrates his success with sobriety, and encourages him during follow-up calls - ANS Esteem needs HSC recounting a client's progress with his alcohol treatment, celebrating his success with sobriety, and encouraging him during follow-up calls is the esteem needs level. HSC involves a client's family to serve as advocates and assist the patient in shared decision-making, per the family's culture-based wishes - ANS Love and belonging HSC involving a client's family to serve as advocates and assist the patient in shared decision-making, per the family's culture-based wishes is the love and belonging level. A child who takes on new information into his or her conceptual schema to reframe thoughts and ideas over time is performing: - ANS Accommodation Accommodation is the cognitive development process of taking new experiences that are unlike prior experiences and using that information to reframe one's thoughts and ideas over time. Wraparound care plan for 1-year-old child with a complex medical and behavioral health disorder - ANS Elementary Wraparound care plan for 1-year-old child with a complex medical and behavioral health disorder is the elementary development target period. SBIRT care plan for 27-year-old with substance abuse challenges - ANS Early adulthood SBIRT care plan for 27-year-old with substance abuse challenges is the early adulthood development target period. Team-based care plan for person involving physical therapy for an adult whose level of activity has begun to slow down, making compliance more of a challenge - ANS Middle Adulthood Team-based care plan for person involving physical therapy for an adult whose level of activity has begun to slow down, making compliance more of a challenge is the middle adulthood target period. Coordinated care plan for young person whose sense of "invincibility," along with bipolar disorder has led to destructive behaviors - ANS Adolescence Coordinated care plan for young person whose sense of "invincibility," along with bipolar disorder has led to destructive behaviors is the adolescence target period. Care plan for terminally ill patient experiencing impaired aging, who needs both palliative and hospice care services. - ANS Late Adulthood Care plan for terminally ill patient experiencing impaired aging, who needs both palliative and hospice care services is the late adulthood target period Individuals in this stage of physical development may be at their peak physiologically, but also at highest risk for involvement in a violent crime or substance abuse. - ANS Early adulthood Individuals in early adulthood may be focused on work and other pursuits, but are at highest risk for involvement in these two risky behaviors. Identifying sources of: - ANS primary health, dental, and behavioral health care providers in minority communities Primary health, dental, and behavioral health care providers in minority communities are disparity gaps a care team needs to be aware of. Conducting patient interviews and assessments that address: - ANS patients' health history and previous experiences with healthcare Patients' health history and previous experiences with healthcare are disparity gaps a care team needs to be aware of. Identifying provider bias triggers such as: - ANS weight, language differences, age, race, or income level Weight, language differences, age, race, or income level are examples of a number of triggers that may cause a provider to be biased toward a patient and this may impact the quality of care provided. Combatting ageism and assessing older patients for symptoms of: - ANS pain, fatigue, depression, or anxiety Pain, fatigue, cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety may go undiagnosed and untreated when providers dismiss these symptoms as simply being a result of age. Appropriately inquiring about and being supportive of a patient's: - ANS sexual orientation and gender identity Appropriately inquiring about and being supportive of a patient's sexual orientation and gender identity to enhance the patient-provider interaction and regular use of care. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning cultural drivers of care methods? - ANS Eye contact and physical touch are universal and members of the care team should seek opportunities to use these methods to better connect with patients. This is not a true statement. Eye contact and physical touch may be common in some cultures but considered offensive in others, so care teams should learn from patients concerning their cultural preferences and norms in these areas. After initial assessment and discussions, the health service coordinator (HSC) arranges meals-on-wheels services for an older adult patient with mobility limitations who lives alone. The closest family member is 217 miles away. The patient also complains of feeling lonely since the death of her son, three months prior. According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need does the HSC satisfy? - ANS Physiological Food is a universal physical requirement that is essential for human survival, which makes this a physiological need. This patient is in the older adult phase of life with mobility challenges. Selecting Meals-on-Wheels is an appropriate intervention to meet this patient's needs. A teenage single mother of two small children has just been admitted into the domestic violence shelter. The health service coordinator (HSC) has met with this individual and is making arrangements to address her need for security. Understanding Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which action should the HSC take? - ANS Direct the individual to Goodwill Industries to learn a skill and qualify for a job Goodwill Industries is one of the leading non-profits to partner with for helping individuals to learn and develop work skills and in finding a job. They offer education, job opportunities, skills enhancement and training programs. Enrolling in this program will address this teenager's need for security, helping her to become financially able to provide for her family's needs. The health service coordinator (HSC) is working with an 18-year-old patient who desires to be treated like an adult. How can the HSC meet this patient's need? - ANS By allowing the patient to set and attend provider appointments alone. According to Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development, this patient is in the identify stage. By allowing the patient to set and attend provider appointments alone, this appeals to the need for the patient to establish identity. To comprehend and express the meaning or significance of a wide variety of experiences, situations, data, events, judgments, conventions, beliefs, rules, procedures, or criteriaTo categorize, decode significance, and clarify meaning are skills used in - ANS Interpretation To categorize, decode significance, and clarify meaning are skills used in interpretation. To assess the credibility of claims and the quality of arguments made using inductive or deductive reasoning is - ANS Evaluation To assess the credibility of claims and the quality of arguments made using inductive or deductive reasoning is evaluation. An intuitive system of thinking useful in familiar situations when time is short and immediate action is required. - ANS System 1 decision-making System 1 decision-making is an intuitive system of thinking useful in familiar situations when time is short and immediate action is required. A reflective system of thinking that can be shut down through the abuse of drugs or alcohol. Useful in unfamiliar situations and have time to figure things out. With this system you have time to process abstract concepts, deliberate, plan ahead, consider options, and review or revise - ANS System 2 decision-making System 2 decision-making is a reflective system of thinking that can be shut down through the abuse of drugs or alcohol. Availability, affect, association, simulation, and similarity - ANS Cognitive heuristics of System 1 Availability, affect, association, simulation, and similarity are cognitive heuristics of System 1. Satisficing, risk/loss aversion, anchoring with adjustments, and illusion of control - ANS Heuristics and biases of System 2 Satisficing, risk/loss aversion, anchoring with adjustments, and the illusion of control are all heuristics and biases of System 2. The tendency to misconstrue personal influence or responsibility for past events - ANS Hindsight Bias The tendency to misconstrue personal influence or responsibility for past events is known as hindsight bias. A theory that suggests when an individual settles on a particular option, which is good enough, they tend to elevate the merits and diminish the flaws relative to other options. - ANS Dominance Structure Dominance Structure is a theory that suggests when an individual settles on a particular option, which is good enough, they tend to elevate the merits and diminish the flaws relative to other options. An acronym used to promote a 5-step critical thinking general problem-solving process - ANS IDEAS IDEAS is an acronym used to promote a 5-step critical thinking general problem-solving process. The process of forming reflective, quickly reasoned evaluations about what others have done or should do is known as critical thinking. - ANS False Critical thinking requires the use of skills that include analysis, interpretation, inference, evaluation, explanation, and self-reflection. - ANS True Critical thinking can be achieved through memorization. - ANS False Critical thinking can liberate our minds from false ideas. - ANS True Critical thinking is the second most important outcome in education today. - ANS False Hallmarks of critical thinking include which of the following? (Select all that apply) - ANS Logical, Relevant, Deep, Clear Each of these features is a hallmark of critical thinking. Which of the following qualify as examples of critical thinking skills? (Select all that apply) - ANS Clarify problems, Raise significant questions, Detect bias, Analyze actions All of these skills are acceptable examples of critical thinking skills. Which of the following are benefits of critical thinking? (Select all that apply) - ANS Enhancing knowledge and skills, Minimizing avoidable harm to patients, Recognizing errors as learning opportunities, Avoiding cognitive biases, Making accurate predictions All of these skills are benefits of critical thinking. When considering critical thinking, the sub-skills of judging credibility, comparing strengths and weaknesses,and determining credibility are part of which cognitive skill? - ANS Evaluation Evaluation uses the sub-skills of judging credibility, comparing strengths and weaknesses, determining credibility. The acronym used to promote a 5-step critical thinking general problem-solving process: - ANS IDEAS IDEAS is the acronym used to promote a 5-step critical thinking general problem-solving process. Critical thinking is purposeful thinking and requires the use of standards such as - ANS clarity and fairness. Clarity and fairness are the two standards associated with critical thinking. Tools used to explain things - ANS Mental Models Tendencies to think in certain ways that can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgments - ANS Cognitive Biases By taking all parts into account, this model is designed to avoid potentially contributing to further development of unintended consequences - ANS Systems Thinking A thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions - ANS Divergent Thinking A variable that is not in itself directly relevant, but that serves in place of an unobservable or immeasurable variable - ANS Proxy Presuming that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other - ANS False Cause Asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will eventually happen too, therefore A should not happen - ANS Slippery Slope Relatively unskilled persons suffer illusory superiority, mistakenly assessing their ability to be much higher than it really is...[and] highly skilled individuals may underestimate their relative competence and may erroneously assume that tasks which are easy for them are also easy for others - ANS Dunning-Kruger Effect Anything that can go wrong, will - ANS Murphy's Law The concept that small causes can have large effects - ANS Butterfly Effect Fairness in the distribution of rights or resources - ANS Distributive Justice If an online discussion (regardless of topic or scope) goes on long enough, sooner or later someone will compare someone or something to Hitler or Nazism - ANS Godwin's Law To rely on the first information received when making decisions - ANS Anchoring Bias Anchoring biases are when individuals rely on the first information received when making decisions. To figuratively 'stick your head in the sand' and pretend a hazard does not exist - ANS Ostrich Bias Ostrich biases are when individuals figuratively 'stick your head in the sand' and pretend a hazard does not exist. The logical error of concentrating on the people or things that 'survived' some process and inadvertently overlooking those that did not - ANS Survivorship Bias Survivorship biases are when the logical error of concentrating on the people or things that 'survived' some process and inadvertently overlooking those that did not. The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that affirms one's prior beliefs or hypotheses - ANS Confirmation Bias Confirmation biases are when the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that affirms one's prior beliefs or hypotheses. Appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation - ANS Bandwagon Bias Bandwagon bias is appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do something as an attempted form of validation. Being less likely to detect bias within self than others - ANS Blindspot Bias Blindspot bias is being less likely to detect bias within self than others. The selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed - ANS Selective Perception Bias Selective perception bias is the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed. An intellectual mistake in which one fails to distinguish between certain devices, such as psychological persuasion, and factual evidence that supports an assertion is known as a: - ANS Fallacy Intellectual mistakes are fallacies. Relying on the first information received when making decisions is known as what type of bias? - ANS Anchoring bias. An anchoring bias means that the first information received is what is believed and used to make decisions. Critical thinking is purposeful thinking and requires the use of standards such as: - ANS Clarity and fairness. Clarity and fairness are the two standards associated with critical thinking. Failing to treat a belief or conclusion as a hypothesis requiring scrutiny - ANS Jumping to Conclusions Incorrectly estimating the degree of variability in a group - ANS Stereotyping Inadequately describing problems, causes, and hope for outcomes - ANS Vagueness Assuming that an association between two variables on a group level is also true on an individual level. - ANS Ecological Fallacy Believing you can find out what is going on just by thinking about it - ANS Misuse of Speculation Giving favored treatment to favored beliefs, overlooking contradictory evidence - ANS Partiality in Use of Evidence What type of Socratic question is the following: What do you think caused this to happen? - ANS Probe reasons and evidence. 'What do you think caused this to happen?' is a question designed to probe for a deeper understanding of the reasons or evidence. Assuming that an association between two variables on a group level is also true on an individual level best defines - ANS Ecological Fallacy. An ecological fallacy assumes associations between two variables on a group level is true on the individual level. What is the driving force or effect behind critical thinking? - ANS Questions. Questions are the driving force behind critical thinking, as all thinking begins because someone had a question. The health service coordinator (HSC) is working with a patient who is unable to pay for prescribed medications. The patient has a good job but does not have a good insurance plan. The patient also suffers from anxiety and paranoia and spends much time deliberating every possible outcome before making decisions. As a result, the patient is non-compliant with the care plan. How does the HSC use Occam's Razor to help the patient decide what to do? - ANS By asking leading questions to draw the patient to decide upon a simple, doable course of action. This is an example of a line of questioning using the Occam's Razor model. The HSC understands that this patient over analyzes situations and has the tendency to procrastinate in making decisions because of spending too much time in factoring and disproving all possible scenarios. Asking leading questions will help the patient to reflect upon the fact that it is to no avail to waste time reviewing every possible scenario. The HSC must lead the patient to understand that simple, direct solutions are often very productive in achieving results, even in challenging situations. The health service coordinator (HSC) is talking to a patient with low health literacy. Before the patient can agree to the care plan, the patient must be educated on the importance of care plan interventions and how to administer self-injections. Which critical thinking construct can the HSC use to promote patient understanding? - ANS By using interpretation When providing patient education to an individual with low health literacy, it is wise to communicate using interpretation. Using this method, the HSC helps the patient to categorize, decode the significance of and to clarify the meaning of care plan interventions and procedures. A patient has been waiting for more than an hour for a provider appointment. The patient complains and assumes that the provider does not care. The health service coordinator (HSC) has been called to speak to this unhappy patient. What mental model should the HSC use to help this patient? - ANS Hanlon's Razor This states that a person should never attribute malice to anything that can more likely be explained by carelessness. Social identity refers to: - ANS the traits and other characteristics that make each person unique Social Identity refers to the he traits and other characteristics that make each person unique. Our own developed "value of self" requires us to know our own worth, which allows us to: - ANS bring mutual respect and harmony into our relationships Our own developed "value of self" requires us to know our own worth, which allows us to bring mutual respect and harmony into our relationships. The core value of positivity centers on: - ANS having the choice and power to change how we think The core value of positivity centers on having the choice and power to change how we think. Cooperation allows individuals to build team spirit in: - ANS non-competitive ways Cooperation allows individuals to build team spirit in non-competitive ways. Health Services Coordinators must learn to practice self-introspection and develop_______ of their core values and how they may impact how they inform their interactions with others - ANS self-awareness Health Services Coordinators must learn to practice self-introspection and develop self-awareness of their core values and how they may impact how they inform their interactions with others. Non-medical factors that drive biases and may influence and caregiver's medical decisions include a patient's: - ANS dress, race, ethnicity, gender, insurance status, or clinical setting Non-medical factors that drive biases and may influence and caregiver's medical decisions include a patient's dress, race, ethnicity, gender, insurance status, or clinical setting. One may overcome unconscious (implicit) bias by replacing biases and assumptions through: - ANS authentic interactions with persons who have cultural norms that differ from their own One may overcome unconscious (implicit) bias by replacing biases and assumptions through authentic interactions with persons who have cultural norms that differ from their own. Increasing positive contacts with diverse individuals will unravel: - ANS fears that are often fueled by a lack of understanding Increasing positive contacts with diverse individuals will unravel fears that are often fueled by a lack of understanding. Self-concept may impact our behaviors in each of the following ways: - ANS The ability to interact with others How you see and value yourself will impact your ability to interact with others socially and develop relationships. What are some of the benefits of joining a professional association? - ANS They provide their members support, advocacy, opportunities for professional networking, legislative updates, educational workshops, and symposia, seminars/conferences What is the greatest challenge of employer-based training? - ANS Determining the best way to deliver training to a variety of audiences during work time while minimally impacting workflow and patient-care activities and Can immediately apply what you've learned to your job as a Health Service Coordinator What are additional professional credentials (with degree requirement) that an HSC could continue their education and pursue? - ANS Clinical practice (nursing), Case management (as a case manager or social worker), Healthcare information technology and informatics, Healthcare risk management and legal compliance Which describes an advantage of CBT? - ANS Flexibility of content allows training to be administered online using an LMS. CBT may be integrated into activities that an employee is already performing on the job, or allows the flexibility of self-directed delivery using an LMS. Trainings administered on learning management systems may also be designed with follow-up simulations and training activities that measure learning. Issues related to social equity and a patient's experience in health systems with access, quality of care, provider bias or discrimination are influenced or drive by this patient factor - ANS Race/ethnicity Traditions that impact care decisions and care delivery, that have value to both a patient and their family are influenced or driven by this patient factor - ANS Culture A patient's geographical location, level of community engagement and awareness of community resources for maintaining their health are influenced this patient factor - ANS Social Environments A patient's level of education, English proficiency and ability to process information verbally and in writing concerning the healthcare and the medication they have been prescribed are influenced by this patient factor - ANS Language Skills/proficiency An example of the types of information exchange that is important among members of the coordinated care team include: - ANS Sharing of information during staff meetings, team huddles and while meeting with the patient. Decision-making concerning the most effective evidence-based treatment plans. Negotiation to achieve consensus on shared-decision making activities with the patient and their family. Team teaching during care meetings with the patient. Each of these information types are exchanges that are important aspects of patient-centered care. Communication during meetings ensures that all members of the care team are acting on the same clinical information, which will also ensure that information provided to the patient will be consistent and will not cause any confusion. Each of these information types are exchanges that are important aspects of patient-centered care. Team teaching will allow the patient to gain a better understanding of their therapies, why they are important, and how they can actively participate in their care. Each of these information types are exchanges that are important aspects of patient-centered care. Patients should be made aware--based on their level of comfort with the information--of the clinical implications of care decisions so they understand why the recommended treatment is necessary and appropriate. Each of these information types are exchanges that are important aspects of patient-centered care. There may be culture-driven values and preferences that the patient may factor into their care decision, and this information must be addressed during team-based care conference meetings. During an intense discussion about the care plan, the health service coordinator (HSC) expresses humanity and kindness in response to a patient's mental and emotional pain. Which core value is the HSC exhibiting? - ANS Compassion When exhibiting compassion, the HSC takes the time to display sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings of the patient. In this way, the HSC is building a good rapport for shared decision-making and future adherence to the care plan. A health service coordinator (HSC) provides a poor level of care to a patient due to psychosocial factors. The HSC made unfair assumptions about the patient. Which quality is the HSC displaying? - ANS Unconscious bias This occurs when people are unaware of their biases. The HSC can fight against this tendency by practicing self-awareness. The health service coordinator (HSC) is discussing a care plan with a Jehovah's Witness family for their teen-age son who suffers from sickle-cell anemia. The family accepts all treatment options, except blood transfusions. Personally, the HSC does not agree with this decision. With a strong sense of commitment to quality of care, how can the HSC show this family respect and dignity? - ANS By asking for the family's opinions and listening to the family's concerns. The HSC understands that all human beings have the basic right to receive respect and dignity. The family has the right to make choices governed by conscience. By asking for the family's opinions and then listening to their concerns, the HSC demonstrates that feelings and beliefs that are different or conflict with his or her own are important to understand and respect. Which of the following is one of the critical aspects of EBP? - ANS Research Evidence Reliable scientific studies that relate to the client's condition or needs provide evidence on past treatments, diagnoses, processes, and procedures that can be considered and used to inform practice. What framework is often used in EBP to guide the formation of the research question and facilitate the literature search? - ANS PICO The PICO Framework outlines the Patient or Problems, Interventions, Comparisons and Outcomes and leads to question formation to guide the literature search for good EBP sources. Which disciplinary standards fit care coordinators most closely? - ANS Case Managers The roles and responsibilities of case managers are quite similar to care coordination, and standards are well suited to both. A healthcare coordinator is arranging for the care of a patient following discharge from the hospital. The patient will require home oxygen support and asks the healthcare coordinator to suggest a reliable medical equipment company. How can the healthcare coordinator use evidence-based practice (EBP) to coordinate care to meet the patient's needs? - ANS Contact a company that has provided similar patients with satisfactory service. The health professional's experience and judgment from past experience with similar patients or situations is important for applying evidence to practice. EBP relies on the healthcare coordinator's practice expertise as one of the main aspects of care. A healthcare coordinator at a community health clinic is addressing patient non-compliance in filling prescriptions following appointments. How can the healthcare coordinator incorporate evidence-based practice (EBP) to promote better outcomes for patients of the clinic? - ANS Research methods to improve patient medication compliance. Reliable scientific studies that relate to the patients' needs are used in EBP. Methods of communication that have been proven successful by quality research can be implemented to address patient compliance issues. A healthcare coordinator is working with a healthcare team at a nursing facility to implement fall prevention interventions for a patient who has dementia. Traditional fall prevention tactics have not been successful, and the patient has been injured as the result of several recent falls. How can the healthcare coordinator apply evidence-based practice (EBP) to care coordination to improve the patient's outcome? - ANS Share a meta-analysis study with the healthcare team about innovative fall prevention methods. Research is a primary aspect of EBP. Meta-analysis studies are quality research studies that can provide innovative ideas for the healthcare team based on EBP. By discussing these methods and adapting them to the facility, EBP can be used to prevent future patient falls and improve the patient's outcome. According to Turner (2014) what is the process of combining research evidence, clinical expertise, and the inclusion of client preferences and values called? - ANS Clinical Reasoning Turner stated "The process of integrating all of this information is known as clinical reasoning. When you consider all of these four elements in a way that allows you to make decisions about the care of a patient, you are engaging in EBP" (Turner, 2014, Introduction section, p. 1). What must an intervention have to be suitable for EBP application to practice? - ANS Clinical significance Without clinical significance to the client(s) and practice setting, an intervention cannot be suitable for EBP application to practice. Which aspect of EBP includes practitioner wisdom? - ANS Clinical expertise Clinical expertise is stronger when practitioner wisdom is evident and applied. A healthcare coordinator is working with a healthcare team to implement an intervention for a patient who has severe depression. The healthcare provider researches a study that has successfully used a medication to treat similar patients with depression. How can the healthcare coordinator evaluate the evidence-based practice (EBP) process for adaptation to the patient's needs? - ANS Determine if the medication is covered by the patient's insurance. Taking into account the patient's situation, individual needs, and values can assist the healthcare coordinator to evaluate the EBP process for areas of adaptation. This includes discussing with the patient the financial responsibilities, including insurance coverage, associated with the medications in the research study in order to adapt the process to the patient's financial needs. A healthcare coordinator is researching an evidence-based practice (EBP) process to assist a patient with limited mobility to lose weight. The healthcare coordinator finds a research study that tests an intervention that does not require patient mobility to promote weight loss. Which factor in the study can the healthcare coordinator use to evaluate the intervention to be determined if it can be adapted for patient implementation? - ANS The study has clinical significance in the patient's care context. Clinical significance in a research study shows how an intervention can be applied to practice for a patient in a particular care setting. A healthcare coordinator has implemented a process based on research to improve accuracy of data input into patient's electronic health records (EHRs) during patient admission. How can the healthcare coordinator evaluate the new evidence-based practice (EBP) process for efficiency? - ANS Track the amount of time it takes to input information in to a patient's EHR. EBP processes can be evaluated by outcomes. The efficiency of a process can be evaluated by determining the amount of time it takes to input information using the process. If the amount of time is decreased, then the process is efficient. What type of adaptation involve changes based on cultural, social, historical, environmental, and psychological factors? - ANS Deep structure Deep structure adaptations involve changes based on deeper cultural, social, historical, environmental, and psychological factors that influence the health behaviors of members of the targeted population. What cultural factor should be considered when there is evidence of discrimination, equality, stereotypes, acculturation, formality? - ANS Social positioning The SAMHSA guide outlined social positioning as a cultural factor to consider which relates to discrimination, equality, stereotypes, acculturation, and formality. A healthcare coordinator at a community health clinic identifies a need for skin cancer screenings in the community. The healthcare coordinator is planning on working with the clinic and the community to implement an evidence-based practice (EBP) process to screen clinic patients. How can the healthcare coordinator educate the community about the value of the EBP to improve collaboration during the EBP process? - ANS Help the community members to understand the need for the skin cancer screenings in their community. Community participation in EBP needs to occur early on in the process, beginning with an understanding of the identified clinical need, to facilitate collaboration throughout the process. Education about the need for the skin cancer screenings in the community will help the community members to understand the value of the EBP process being implemented. A healthcare coordinator at a behavioral health facility is implementing an evidence-based practice (EBP) program to improve access to mental healthcare for underserved populations. How can the healthcare coordinator educate the underserved population about the value of the EBP program to increase engagement? - ANS Mail brochures to the community describing the mental health initiative. Direct mailings are an effective way to dispense valuable information to community members and to increase health literacy. By educating the population about the EBP program and the need behind it, increased awareness leads to higher engagement in the program. A healthcare coordinator works at a hospital facility in an area of health professional shortage and low-income patients. The healthcare coordinator is implementing an EBP program to assist patients to utilize home health care providers following discharge to improve outcomes and prevent re-hospitalization. How can the healthcare coordinator educate patients about the value of the EBP program to encourage participation following discharge? - ANS Discuss with patients the improved outcomes of home health care following discharge. In underserved areas where populations have a health professional shortage and patients are low-income, patients may be hesitant to participate because of a lack of understanding for and experience with home healthcare. By educating patients about the benefits of home health visits to improve outcomes following hospital discharge, the patient is better able to understand the need that relates to the value of the EBP to improve access to care. What do PEST or PESTEL analyses focus on? - ANS Macro factors or drivers A PEST analysis looks at Political, Economic, Sociocultural and Technological factors or drivers while a PESTEL (sometimes called PESTLE) analysis extends this to include Environmental and Legal drivers. What statistical component is used to show statistical significance? - ANS P-value of 0.05 or less The SAMHSA guide outlined social positioning as a cultural factor to consider which relates to discrimination, equality, stereotypes, acculturation, and formality. A healthcare coordinator is working with a healthcare team to implement an evidence-based practice (EBP) program to improve access of care to children of migrant workers. The program is based on a research study of migrant worker healthcare. What can the healthcare coordinator analyze to guide the selection of practices to fit the needs of the population? - ANS External factors that influence the adoption of the EBP into patient care Evidence-Based Practice requires that decisions about health care are based on the best available, current, valid and relevant evidence, as well as take into account external factors, or macro drivers, that influence adoption or implementation of EBP into patient care. An analysis of these factors affecting migrant workers, can accomplish this. A healthcare coordinator is working with a healthcare team to find an intervention for a patient who is not responding to current medication treatment for hypertension using evidence-based practice (EBP) process. The team is discussing several research articles that promote different medication interventions. Which research should the healthcare coordinator and the team use to guide the selection of an intervention in EBP implementation for the patient? - ANS A systematic review article about several hypertension medication trials. Meta-analysis and systematic reviews present the most credible evidence in EBP research. EBP requires using the best and highest-quality research to apply to guide the selection of interventions for a patient. A healthcare coordinator is reading a research study about a practice intervention to implement an evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical practice. Which statistical component can the healthcare coordinator analyze to determine the clinical significance of the results in order to guide selection of practices for implementation? - ANS The effect size Effect-size describes how large an effect is and the uncertainty around that estimate, so that the practical importance of the effect can be evaluated. This component is important to applying the study to clinical practice and guiding selection of individual practices in implementation of EBP. What incentive program helps to support health literacy in people living with chronic diseases? - ANS Chronic Care Management This incentive program provides funding for supplementary services that support client education and shared care planning with the health team. Which Chronic Care Model component includes providing a care coordinator for clients with chronic diseases? - ANS Delivery System Design Care coordination would be a delivery system design innovation. In the United States, diabetes rates have nearly doubled in the past 20 years and are expected to increase. What is the impact at the macro level of healthcare? - ANS Costs of healthcare are rising for all patients. Close to 90% of the annual US healthcare budget is spent on care for people with chronic and mental health disorders. Rising rates of chronic diseases, like diabetes, results in macro-level impacts that cause the cost of healthcare to rise for all patients. A healthcare coordinator is working with colleagues at a hospital facility that experiences high re-hospitalization rates of patients with chronic diseases. The facility is understaffed, so the staff must work mandatory overtime. Which result is an impact of chronic disease at the micro level on the healthcare staff? - ANS Compassion fatigue Compassion fatigue is a type of caregiver or health professional burnout that can result from excessive exposure to patients with chronic illnesses. It is a physical and mental condition experienced by those that care for these patients at the micro level and results in a gradual lessening of compassion and empathy for patients, co-workers, and family and friends. A healthcare coordinator is planning care for a patient who has hypertension, type II diabetes, osteoarthritis, and depression. Which impact of chronic illnesses needs to be avoided while coordinating care for this patient? - ANS Fragmented care Patients with multiple chronic illness or conditions often are impacted by fragmented care. Healthcare coordinators should carefully coordinate care between providers to provide holistic care that meets the patient's needs and supports the best outcomes. What CMS incentive shows promise in potential new funding for palliative care? - ANS Primary Care First initiative This new incentive offers higher payments to primary care practices that specialize in care for high need patients, including people with complex, chronic needs and practices whose clinicians are enrolled in Medicare and provide hospice or palliative care services. Which Palliative Care Principle includes a focus on care planning meetings with the team and client/family? - ANS Coordinated care This principle includes a focus on care planning meetings, where all team members can contribute, and views and preferences of the client and family are presented, to develop a plan of care for the client. The family of a chronically ill patient requests home-bound hospice care. The healthcare coordinator realizes that this family requires education to properly make an informed decision about the care plan. How does palliative care differ from hospice care? - ANS Palliative care involves pain management for many types of patients; hospice care is reserved for terminally-ill patients alone. Palliative care involves pain management for many types of patients; hospice care is reserved for terminally-ill patients alone. All hospice care includes palliative care. However, not all palliative care falls under the umbrella of hospice care. A patient who is of the Muslim faith has concerns over receiving some forms of palliative care. What is a potential barrier to administering palliative care to this client? - ANS Palliative care may be rejected by some patients due to cultural concerns or beliefs. Palliative care may be resisted or rejected by some patients due to cultural concerns or religious beliefs. As a result, it is important for palliative care teams to practice considerate cultural competence and educate the patient regarding the different types of care options and resources that are available. A cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy has suffered a setback. The prognosis had been mostly positive. However, the treatment has become less effective at slowing the progression of the disease, and the patient has begun to experience a number of uncomfortable side effects. Which form of palliative care would be most effective in treating the patient? - ANS Specialized care services to improve quality of life During this phase of the patient's treatment, specialized care services to improve quality of life would be the most effective form of palliative care. What is the CMS insurance estimated mortality timeline that specifies when hospice care can be initiated? - ANS Six months Hospice care is commonly reserved for people with serious illnesses who have a life expectancy of six months or less. What term can be used to ease the stigma of talking about hospice and death with some African American clients and families? - ANS Transitions The term transitions help to ease the finality of the hospice decision and still leaves room for faith, family and inner strength and has guided the development of a hospice program specifically for African American clients. A family has been given the news that their mother has stage 4 brain cancer with only "months left to live." The healthcare coordinator realizes that this family needs hospice orientation and education. The coordinator provides brochures to each family member about end-of-life concepts. What is one of the main goals of hospice care? - ANS To provide comfort at the end of a patient's life One of the main goals of hospice care is providing comfort at the end of a patient's life. The family of a palliative care patient has just been given the news that the patient has slipped into a coma. The family is of mixed emotion over what the next steps should be. The health service coordinator (HSC) is tasked with educating this family about appropriate steps. When should the HSC let the family know that the patient is eligible for hospice care? - ANS When a healthcare provider certifies the patient is eligible A patient must be certified as terminally ill by a physician in order to receive hospice care. A recent evidenced-based practice project has identified the need to educate several populations in the community about hospice care. The healthcare coordinator has been tasked with starting this initiative. Which group should the coordinator focus on that has a low health literacy regarding hospice care? - ANS Older adults Older adults are disproportionately likely to experience low health literacy regarding hospice care. Which Act outlines a person's right to decide what medical interventions they wish if they become unable to express their wishes due to illness? - ANS Patient Self-De