PC707 Module 2 –CNS Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions

PC707 Module 2 –CNS Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions What is natural immunity? - answer-"innate" -physical barriers, natural killers cells, phagocytes -non-specific What is acquired immunity? - answer-acquired -specific -after exposure to an antigen -T cells & B cells are involved What is cell-mediated immunity? - answer-does not involve antibodies -activation of antigen-specific cytotoxic t cells (these help the infected cells cause apoptosis "cell death") -release of various cytokines What is humoral immunity? - answer-b cells, helper t cells, macrophages, dendritic cells all help faciliate the production of antibodies What cells does HIV attack? - answer-helper t-cells -these cells are vital to producing a humoral response--which is why people infected with HIV become severely immunocompromised What is a live or attenuated vaccine? - answer-contains a "live" form of the organism but is NON-infective -altered to produce a low chance of causing the disease -increased chance for long-term immunity -MAY cause the disease What is a killed or in-attenuated vaccine? - answer-contains dead portions of the organism but is antigenically active -WON'T cause the disease -protection is more short term -will need more boosters What are precautions with vaccinations? - answer-temp greater than 105 within 48 hours of a vaccine -continuous crying greater than 3 hours -convulsions What are the contraindications for giving vaccinations? - answer-true egg allergy-- "anaphylactic reactions" (those with mild egg reactions are ok) -no "live" vaccines in pregnancy -encephalopathy -experienced GBS (guillain barre syndrome) When is TDAP given in pregnancy? Why is this timing important? - answer-27-36 weeks gestation -this is to ensure the mother has adequate time to develop antibodies in order to pass them on to the fetus AND for there to be adequate protection to the infant until they can get their routine DTaP vaccination -it is safe to be given sooner for extenuative circumstances such as a "whooping cough outbreak" or potential tetanus exposure Who should we consult for up-to-date evidence-based prescribing practices regarding flu vaccinations? - answer-the CDC -local health department Is acyclovir okay to give in pregnancy? What would it be used for? - answer-Yes it is safe -It can be used as "suppressive" therapy during pregnancy to help prevent vertical transmission of herpes simplex virus to the infant during vaginal delivery What are the two FDA approved medications approved antivirals used for influenza? - answer-oseltamivir (Tamiflu)--oral form -zanamivir (Relenza)--inhaled form -these inhibit neuraminidase--a viral enzyme required for viral replication -these both have activity against influenza A & B -only effective if given within 48 hours of onset of symptoms How are viruses different than bacteria in relation to illness in humans? How does this impact anti-viral medications? - answer-they rely on host cells for metabolism and replication -most anti-virals only REDUCE viral shedding & reproducing until the body can use it's own defense to decrease the viral load and ultimately clear the virus from the body -most anti-virals can potentially reduce the severity of symptoms, duration of illness, and risk of complications--but does not cure it -it is important to provide comfort & supportive care education Who is most at risk of complications with influenza? - answer-children less than 2 years old -elderly greater than 65 years old -pregnant or postpartum women -less than 18 years old on long-term aspirin (ASA) therapy -people with chronic conditions -American Indians -Alaskan Natives -morbidly obese individuals -residents of long term care facilities -immunocompromised What is the main drug used for prevention and treatment of CMV? - answer-Ganciclovir -suppresses viral replication of viral DNA -advise against becoming pregnant -inform males about sterility -educate patients to report symptoms of bone marrow suppression Flu anti-virals, flu vaccine, and acyclovir while breastfeeding? - answer-limited data -data suggests the medication is not absorbed much into the breastmilk -benefits of continuing breastfeedin