PSYC 1010 Mazurek Final Questions and Answers with complete

Psychology - Answer-Scientific Study of behavior and mental processes Goal of Description - Answer-What's Happening? To Whom? Where? What else? Advantage: Simple and Straightfoward Disadvantage: Doesn't cover relationships (Perceiving the Question step derives this goal) Goal of Prediction - Answer-Goes into connections/relationships Advantages: Relationships Disadvantages: No WHY? (Forming Hypotheses) Goal of Explanation - Answer-Why are things occurring?? Advantage: Most thorough understanding Disadvantage: Extremely difficult to establish (Testing the Hypotheses) Goal of Control - Answer-Alter/control thoughts and/or behaviors (Ex. Propaganda, stop smoking commercials, any kind of clinical intervention, etc.) (Reporting Results) Behavior - Answer-Outward or overt actions and reactions Mental Processes - Answer-Internal, covert activity of our minds Wilhem Wundt - Answer-Father of Psychology - 1st true experimental labs in psychology Objective Introspection - Answer-Wilhelm Wundt's contribution; Objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activitiesStructuralism - Answer-Focus on the structure of the mind ; Contribution by Edward Titchener Functionalism - Answer-How mind affects work, play, and adaptation ; Contribution by William James Gestalt Psychology - Answer-Studying whole psychological events rather than breaking it down (Modern day cognitive psychology) ; Contribution by Max Wertheimer due to events such as sensation/perception Sigmund Freud - Answer-Physician whose patients had nervous disorders with no perceived physical cause; focused on the unconscious mind and urges and desires Ivan Pavlov - Answer-Studied Classical Conditioning with dogs salivation, showed a reflex could be caused to occur in response to a formerly unrelated stimulus John Watson - Answer-Father of Behaviorism; Stated phobias are learned through conditioning Behaviorism - Answer-Science of observable behavior Psychodynamic Perspective - Answer-Modern Freudian theory with more emphasis on relationships and motivations BF Skinner - Answer-Scientist studying operant conditioning to explain how voluntary behavior is learned Humanism - Answer-Modern Perspective of how people have free will and strive for selfactualization Cognitive Perspective - Answer-Focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem-solving, language, and learning Sociocultural Perspective - Answer-Focuses on the relationships between social behavior and culture, thinking and behaving is seen as a product of learning and shaping within context of one's family, social group, and cultureBiophysiological Perspective - Answer-Attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and activity of the nervous system Evolutionary Perspective - Answer-Focuses on biological base of universal mental characteristics that all humans share. Scientific Approach - Answer-Way in which research is applied to lower bias and error in measurement Empirical Questions - Answer-Questions that can be tested through direct observation or through an experiment Naturalistic Observation - Answer-Watch beings behave in natural environment; Unique and ungeneralizable Observer Effect - Answer-The phenomenon that Animals/People who know they are being watched won't behave normally Participant Observation - Answer-Observer becomes participant in the group without being observed by the group Observer Bias - Answer-The tendency of observers to see what they expect to see Laboratory Observation - Answer-Adds control to observation by bringing it to the lab; However, the artificial situation may result in artificial behavior Case Study - Answer-One individual is studied in great detail, but can't really apply results to other similar people Surveys - Answer-Private questions based on the topic studying Advantage: Tremendous amount of data on a large group of people Disadvantage: Not easy to get a representative sample and sometimes not accurateCourtesy Bias - Answer-Giving answers that are more socially correct rather than the true opinion Representative Sample - Answer-Randomly selected sample from population (entire group of interest) Correlation - Answer-Measure of relationship between 2 or more variables