Bio 1M03 Exam Review Questions With Verified these Answers

Cell theory - Answer all organisms are made of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells Louis Pasteur - Answer designed an experiment to test if cells arose spontaneously or if they were the result of pre-existing cells Evolution - Answer postulates that (a) species are related to one another by common ancestry and (b) species can change through time from generation to generation. Natural selection - Answer process that explains how evolution occurs Fitness - Answer the ability of an individual to produce offspring Adaptaion (noun) - Answer characteristic that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment Adaptation (verb) - Answer process of a specie getting fitness-improving traits over time Artificial selection - Answer form of natural selection where humans control the course of evolution Phenotype - Answer outward appearance; features that can be observed Genotype - Answer the genetic constitution of an individual organism Speciation - Answer the diversification of an evolutionary lineage; lines represent different phenomena Species - Answer populations that don't reproduce amongst each other (exchange genes) Tree of Life (phylogenic tree) - Answer diagram that depicts relationships among species Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species - Answer Linnaeus' Taxonomic Levels Bacteria, Achaea , Eukarya - Answer the three domains Hybridization - Answer merging of two species into one; merging lines on phylogenic tree Lateral gene transfer - Answer in bacteria, useful information is being transferred, fused Sexual reproduction - Answer fusion of genomes Evidence for evolution - Answer changes through time, extinction, vestigial traits, inter-relatedness Evidence for natural selection - Answer industrial melanism, antibiotic resistance, beak size in Galapagos finches Darwin and Wallace - Answer proposed the theory of evolution Ring species - Answer Five populations and the one on the left can populate with the one right beside it, that one can populate with the one right beside it, but the two species on the end of the linear relationship overlap but cannot reproduce with each other, only their adjacent populations Speciation by polyploidization - Answer method of new species emerging by genome duplication Transitional forms - Answer fossils with traits that are intermediate between earlier and later species Homologous traits - Answer a similarity that exists in species that was inherited from an ancestor Genetic homology - Answer similarity among species in DNA sequences, gene content, or other genetic attributes Developmental homology - Answer similarity among species in embryonic traits Structural homology - Answer example of an organ or bone that appears in different animals, underlining anatomical commonalities demonstrating descent from a common ancestor Vestigial traits - Answer often homologous to structures that are functioning normally in other species Variation - Answer mitochondrial DNA substitution of single codons Heritability - Answer traits get passed down from generation to generation Candidate gene approach - Answer applying info from closely related species that are more known Fitness trade-off - Answer compromise between traits, in terms of how those traits are adapted for the environment Genetic correlation - Answer when selection favouring alleles for one trait causes a correlated but suboptimal change in allele for another trait; changing one feature (or gene) often affects multiple features Historical constraints - Answer Present variation biases future possibilities Formal constraints - Answer Evolution needs to work within the laws of physics Temporal constraints - Answer Evolution occurs by mutation and it takes time for a series of useful mutations to occur Hardy-Weinsberg equation (p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 ) - Answer estimated expected genotype frequencies from allele frequencies Hardy-Weinsberg principle - Answer a null hypothesis that predicts what genotype frequencies should be given known allele frequencies Genetic drift - Answer causes allele frequencies to change by chance Gene flow (migration) - Answer introduces alleles from other population Mutation - Answer modifies allele frequency by continually introducing new alleles, even disadvantageous ones Heterozygote advantage - Answer pattern of natural selection in which heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous individuals Directional selection - Answer changes the average value of a trait; an extreme value is favoured Stabilizing selection - Answer reduces the amount of variation in a trait; keeps the average Disruptive selection - Answer maintains or increases the amount of variation in a trait; favours the extremes over intermediate, making two distinct groups Negative frequency dependent selection - Answer fitness is highest in rare phenotypes