CHC2D1 Canadian History since WWI Chloe P
Final Review Of G10 History Notes
Historical Thinking Concepts
1. Historical Significance
Explaining why something is important.
2. Historical Perspective
Identifying events from the viewpoint of people who lived through the times.
3. Cause and Consequence
Understanding the relationship between events and their results.
4. Continuity and Change
Understanding that certain things(attitudes, processes, actions) change over time and certain things remain
the same.
5. Use of primary source evidence.
6. Ethical Dimensions of Historical Interpretations
Consider what responsibilities historical crimes and sacrifices impose upon us today
UNIT 1 The First World War
00-The Start of World War One
● M-A-I-N Causes of WWI
Militarism 军国主义：
-The British have a large navy（Germany 内卷跟风）
-德 & 法 completed building larger armies.
-Many nations include “universal conscription ”(和平年间也如此)
-The more one nation built up its army and navy,（For reasons of prestige and self-defense） other nations
felt they had to do the same.（全员内卷）
Alliance联盟：
-For twenty years, the nations of Europe had been making alliances
-It was thought alliances would promote peace.
-Each country would be protected by others in case of war, making it foolish for one country to wage war
on another.
-The danger of these alliances was that an argument between two countries could draw the other nations
allied with them into a fight.
- In 1882, Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy formed THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE
（ 1882年，德国 & 奥匈帝国（1918因一战解体） & 意大利结成三国同盟）
- In 1907, France, Britain, and Russia formed THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
-（ 1907年，法国 & 英国 & 俄罗斯组成三国协约）
Imprialism联盟:
,CHC2D1 Canadian History since WWI Chloe P
- Build up national wealth and influence by owning colonies.
- Colonies：European nations ruled smaller countries, and competed with each other to amass more
colonies. (Canada 殖民地之一)
-Both France and Britain had many colonies in Africa and Asia.
-In the 1880s and 1890s, Germany and Italy decided they wanted a colonial empire too.
(This global competition for land caused confrontations and conflicts in many places)
Nationalism民族主义:
- Pride in one’s country.
-The belief that one’s nation or culture is superior to all others,
-European nations to compete to build the largest army and navy.（Nationalism led）
-Gave groups of people the idea of forming independent nations of their own.
-Serbians, Czechs, Slovaks, Bosnians, and many other people living under the rule of the Ottoman or
Austro-Hungarian Empires wanted freedom from “foreign” rule.
● The Spark
- Date: June 28, 1914
-When: Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated.
-The assassination set off a rapid chain of events(蝴蝶效应):
Austria-Hungary, like many, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident
as justification for settling the question of Slav nationalism once and for all.
● Schlieffen Plan(Germany)
-Date: 1905
-Who: Count von Schlieffen
-What: Drew up the plan in when he was German Chief of Staff.
-Condition:
Germany would face France in the west
Russia in the east
need to defeat France within six weeks before Russia mobilized her troops.
-Aimed:
-Quick defeat of France by invading it through neutral Belgium and moving rapidly on to capture Paris.
-The Germans did not believe that Britain would go to war over their 1839 treaty with Belgium, which
they described as a “scrap of paper”.
-Having defeated France, Germany would then be able to concentrate its efforts on defeating the Russians
in the east rather than having to fight on two fronts at once.
-What Happened?
Belgium – The Germans weren’t expecting any resistance from Belgium, but the Belgian army fought
bravely and delayed the German advance.
Britain – declared war on Germany in response to an invasion of Belgium.
France – responded quickly to Germany's attack by launching invasions of their own, but this failed–
They switched troops to the defense of Paris in an attempt to hold the Germans up; and pushed them back
about 35 miles.
-Why Did it Fail?
,CHC2D1 Canadian History since WWI Chloe P
The plan relied upon rapid movement. (Resistance from the Belgians prevented this)
Russia mobilized its troops quicker than expected.
(Within 10 days they had invaded Germany, which meant the Germans had to switch troops from Western
Europe to hold up the Russian invasion.)
Both sides now had to secure the land they held; trenches were dug, and machine-gun posts went up.
From now until 1918, neither side would advance more than 10 miles forward or backward from the
positions they now held.
01-The Art of Propaganda
● Propaganda(影响思想、信仰、感受和行动)
-The organized dissemination of information to influence thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and actions.
-Propaganda Techniques:
Bandwagon – attempts to make one feel alone if they don’t go along with it.
Glittering Generalities – sounds good, says nothing.
Plain Folks – attempt to connect with the“grassroots,” ordinary people.
Card Stacking – to build a case with only favorable evidence or part truths.
Dehumanize the Enemy – portray the opposition as inhuman or as monsters/beasts.
Emotional Appeal– Women and Children – build sympathy for your cause, “American” image,
innocence– Animals (Dogs) – build sympathy and a stereotypical “American” image
Patriotic Appeal: Military – build support for military efforts.
Symbols – use of Canadian/British symbols such as the flag, the beaver, etc.
02-Total War
● Land: The Second Battle of Ypres
-Background:
• 1915, the Germans were attacking Russia on the Eastern Front
• Western Front Germany was on the defensive.
• Test new weapon : chlorine gas
-Preparing for Battle:
• Germany prepared a limited offensive in Belgium in the spring of 1915.
• Ypres was the last major Belgian town in Allied hands; it provided a defensive position from which to
protect French ports on the English Channel. (It HAD to be held)
-Canadians Gassed in Battle:
• On April 22, 1915, two Canadian brigades were on the front lines, with a third in reserve near Ypres.
• At 5 pm, German troops released gas against the Division to the Canadians’ left. (green-yellow gas
cloud, several kilometers long)
• When it rolled over their positions, French troops either suffocated or fled, their eyes and throats burning
from chlorine.
-Canada’s Involvement
, CHC2D1 Canadian History since WWI Chloe P
• Most of the gas missed the Canadians, but the French retreat exposed the Canadian’s left flank and
threatened the destruction of the whole Allied position in the area.
• Canada’s units shifted positions to cover the gap, but the German gas attack had torn a huge hole,
several km wide, in the Allied line.
• From April 22 – April 25, the Canadians fought tenaciously to defend this exposed position.
• Outnumbered, outgunned, and outflanked, on the 24th they faced a second, this time direct, chlorine gas
attack.
• The Canadians counterattacked to stall the German advance, and then slowly gave ground, buying
precious time for British troops to be rushed forward.
-A New Reputation
• The Canadian Division’s trial-by-fire at Ypres earned the Canadians a reputation as tough and
dependable troops.
• Paid a high price: 6,000 casualties over the four-day battle.
-Famous Canadians: John McCrae
• John McCrae was a Canadian physician(served in the WWI)
• Appointed brigade surgeon to the First Brigade of the Canadian Field Artillery.
• He wrote his famous poem, “In Flanders Fields,”
• On April 22, when the Germans used deadly chlorine gas against Allied troops, McCrae tended to
hundreds of wounded soldiers every day(Serving in Ypres)
- Ethical Dimensions ("Hague Conventions")
• Date: 1899 and 1907
• What?
World’s major powers signed the Hague Conventions, which along with the 1864 Geneva Convention.
Marked important steps in the establishment of international laws governing and limiting warfare.
• A key element of the Hague Conventions was the ban on the use of weapons to spread asphyxiating and
poisonous gas.
• Germany, the UK, and France were all among the signatories
• When Germany used chlorine gas in 1915, Germany was condemned around the world for using
poisonous gas as a weapon in violation of the Hague Convention.
• The April 1915 gas attack forced French and Canadian survivors to fight desperately to stop the German
attack to hold Ypres and protect what was left of Belgium– Given that Germany’s 1914 violation of
Belgian neutrality was a principal reason for Great Britain and her Dominions to enter the war, the
mission of defending Belgium’s last corner was considered vital.
-Historical Significance
1. The first major battle for the Canadian Division. Up until then, they’d been involved mainly in routine
trench warfare.
2. The terrible losses suffered by the Canadians brought home to the country the grim realities of this war.
3. They had 6,000 casualties, including more than 2,000 killed, out of a frontline strength of about 10,000
men in five days.(The worst battle of the war for the 1st Division)
Final Review Of G10 History Notes
Historical Thinking Concepts
1. Historical Significance
Explaining why something is important.
2. Historical Perspective
Identifying events from the viewpoint of people who lived through the times.
3. Cause and Consequence
Understanding the relationship between events and their results.
4. Continuity and Change
Understanding that certain things(attitudes, processes, actions) change over time and certain things remain
the same.
5. Use of primary source evidence.
6. Ethical Dimensions of Historical Interpretations
Consider what responsibilities historical crimes and sacrifices impose upon us today
UNIT 1 The First World War
00-The Start of World War One
● M-A-I-N Causes of WWI
Militarism 军国主义：
-The British have a large navy（Germany 内卷跟风）
-德 & 法 completed building larger armies.
-Many nations include “universal conscription ”(和平年间也如此)
-The more one nation built up its army and navy,（For reasons of prestige and self-defense） other nations
felt they had to do the same.（全员内卷）
Alliance联盟：
-For twenty years, the nations of Europe had been making alliances
-It was thought alliances would promote peace.
-Each country would be protected by others in case of war, making it foolish for one country to wage war
on another.
-The danger of these alliances was that an argument between two countries could draw the other nations
allied with them into a fight.
- In 1882, Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy formed THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE
（ 1882年，德国 & 奥匈帝国（1918因一战解体） & 意大利结成三国同盟）
- In 1907, France, Britain, and Russia formed THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
-（ 1907年，法国 & 英国 & 俄罗斯组成三国协约）
Imprialism联盟:
,CHC2D1 Canadian History since WWI Chloe P
- Build up national wealth and influence by owning colonies.
- Colonies：European nations ruled smaller countries, and competed with each other to amass more
colonies. (Canada 殖民地之一)
-Both France and Britain had many colonies in Africa and Asia.
-In the 1880s and 1890s, Germany and Italy decided they wanted a colonial empire too.
(This global competition for land caused confrontations and conflicts in many places)
Nationalism民族主义:
- Pride in one’s country.
-The belief that one’s nation or culture is superior to all others,
-European nations to compete to build the largest army and navy.（Nationalism led）
-Gave groups of people the idea of forming independent nations of their own.
-Serbians, Czechs, Slovaks, Bosnians, and many other people living under the rule of the Ottoman or
Austro-Hungarian Empires wanted freedom from “foreign” rule.
● The Spark
- Date: June 28, 1914
-When: Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated.
-The assassination set off a rapid chain of events(蝴蝶效应):
Austria-Hungary, like many, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident
as justification for settling the question of Slav nationalism once and for all.
● Schlieffen Plan(Germany)
-Date: 1905
-Who: Count von Schlieffen
-What: Drew up the plan in when he was German Chief of Staff.
-Condition:
Germany would face France in the west
Russia in the east
need to defeat France within six weeks before Russia mobilized her troops.
-Aimed:
-Quick defeat of France by invading it through neutral Belgium and moving rapidly on to capture Paris.
-The Germans did not believe that Britain would go to war over their 1839 treaty with Belgium, which
they described as a “scrap of paper”.
-Having defeated France, Germany would then be able to concentrate its efforts on defeating the Russians
in the east rather than having to fight on two fronts at once.
-What Happened?
Belgium – The Germans weren’t expecting any resistance from Belgium, but the Belgian army fought
bravely and delayed the German advance.
Britain – declared war on Germany in response to an invasion of Belgium.
France – responded quickly to Germany's attack by launching invasions of their own, but this failed–
They switched troops to the defense of Paris in an attempt to hold the Germans up; and pushed them back
about 35 miles.
-Why Did it Fail?
,CHC2D1 Canadian History since WWI Chloe P
The plan relied upon rapid movement. (Resistance from the Belgians prevented this)
Russia mobilized its troops quicker than expected.
(Within 10 days they had invaded Germany, which meant the Germans had to switch troops from Western
Europe to hold up the Russian invasion.)
Both sides now had to secure the land they held; trenches were dug, and machine-gun posts went up.
From now until 1918, neither side would advance more than 10 miles forward or backward from the
positions they now held.
01-The Art of Propaganda
● Propaganda(影响思想、信仰、感受和行动)
-The organized dissemination of information to influence thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and actions.
-Propaganda Techniques:
Bandwagon – attempts to make one feel alone if they don’t go along with it.
Glittering Generalities – sounds good, says nothing.
Plain Folks – attempt to connect with the“grassroots,” ordinary people.
Card Stacking – to build a case with only favorable evidence or part truths.
Dehumanize the Enemy – portray the opposition as inhuman or as monsters/beasts.
Emotional Appeal– Women and Children – build sympathy for your cause, “American” image,
innocence– Animals (Dogs) – build sympathy and a stereotypical “American” image
Patriotic Appeal: Military – build support for military efforts.
Symbols – use of Canadian/British symbols such as the flag, the beaver, etc.
02-Total War
● Land: The Second Battle of Ypres
-Background:
• 1915, the Germans were attacking Russia on the Eastern Front
• Western Front Germany was on the defensive.
• Test new weapon : chlorine gas
-Preparing for Battle:
• Germany prepared a limited offensive in Belgium in the spring of 1915.
• Ypres was the last major Belgian town in Allied hands; it provided a defensive position from which to
protect French ports on the English Channel. (It HAD to be held)
-Canadians Gassed in Battle:
• On April 22, 1915, two Canadian brigades were on the front lines, with a third in reserve near Ypres.
• At 5 pm, German troops released gas against the Division to the Canadians’ left. (green-yellow gas
cloud, several kilometers long)
• When it rolled over their positions, French troops either suffocated or fled, their eyes and throats burning
from chlorine.
-Canada’s Involvement
, CHC2D1 Canadian History since WWI Chloe P
• Most of the gas missed the Canadians, but the French retreat exposed the Canadian’s left flank and
threatened the destruction of the whole Allied position in the area.
• Canada’s units shifted positions to cover the gap, but the German gas attack had torn a huge hole,
several km wide, in the Allied line.
• From April 22 – April 25, the Canadians fought tenaciously to defend this exposed position.
• Outnumbered, outgunned, and outflanked, on the 24th they faced a second, this time direct, chlorine gas
attack.
• The Canadians counterattacked to stall the German advance, and then slowly gave ground, buying
precious time for British troops to be rushed forward.
-A New Reputation
• The Canadian Division’s trial-by-fire at Ypres earned the Canadians a reputation as tough and
dependable troops.
• Paid a high price: 6,000 casualties over the four-day battle.
-Famous Canadians: John McCrae
• John McCrae was a Canadian physician(served in the WWI)
• Appointed brigade surgeon to the First Brigade of the Canadian Field Artillery.
• He wrote his famous poem, “In Flanders Fields,”
• On April 22, when the Germans used deadly chlorine gas against Allied troops, McCrae tended to
hundreds of wounded soldiers every day(Serving in Ypres)
- Ethical Dimensions ("Hague Conventions")
• Date: 1899 and 1907
• What?
World’s major powers signed the Hague Conventions, which along with the 1864 Geneva Convention.
Marked important steps in the establishment of international laws governing and limiting warfare.
• A key element of the Hague Conventions was the ban on the use of weapons to spread asphyxiating and
poisonous gas.
• Germany, the UK, and France were all among the signatories
• When Germany used chlorine gas in 1915, Germany was condemned around the world for using
poisonous gas as a weapon in violation of the Hague Convention.
• The April 1915 gas attack forced French and Canadian survivors to fight desperately to stop the German
attack to hold Ypres and protect what was left of Belgium– Given that Germany’s 1914 violation of
Belgian neutrality was a principal reason for Great Britain and her Dominions to enter the war, the
mission of defending Belgium’s last corner was considered vital.
-Historical Significance
1. The first major battle for the Canadian Division. Up until then, they’d been involved mainly in routine
trench warfare.
2. The terrible losses suffered by the Canadians brought home to the country the grim realities of this war.
3. They had 6,000 casualties, including more than 2,000 killed, out of a frontline strength of about 10,000
men in five days.(The worst battle of the war for the 1st Division)
