Psychology 101; Test 1- Study guide Questions with Complete Solutions

Psychology 101; Test 1- Study guide Questions with Complete Solutions what is psychology? the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior what what did psychologists begin to do differently that separated them from philosophy? began using the scientific method who conducted the first documented psychology study- taught students how to use the scientific method (founded structuralism- aimed to identify the basic elements, or structures, or psychological experience) Wilhelm Wundt the scientific goal was to understand the functions or adaptive purposes of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (functionalism) William James our environment completely determines what we do- (to uncover the general principles of learning that explain all behaviors; focus is largely on observable behavior) (behaviorism) uses operant conditioning B. F. Skinner structuralism(the mind could be broken down into the smallest elements of mental experience- used introspective, people talking about how they view things Edward Titchner said that we should not study conscious but behavior- prediction and control should be the goals of psychology (did the experiment with little Albert and the rat) used classical conditioning John B. Watson gestalt psychology, necessary to study a person's whole experience, not just parts of the mind or behavior max werthermier psychodynamic theory- emphasized the role of unconscious in thoughts and behaviors sigmund freud wanted to be a priest- started studying sciences won int nobel prize in 1904 for digestive system in animals Ivan Pavior Where do most psychologists work? universities and 4 year colleges tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and to deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them confirmation biases tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts theme belief perseverance extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study internal validity extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings external validity what are the threats to external validity? what are the threats to internal validity? an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus- controlled by the spinal chord and brainstem - produce very fast, reliable responses reflexes (Modal Action Patterns) inborn patterns of