TMC Respiratory Care Boards Study Guide #1 Questions and 100% CORRECT answers

4 critical life functions - ANSWER1. Ventilation 2. Oxygenation 3. Circulation 4. Perfusion Findings that indicate patient's fluid intake exceeds urine output - ANSWER1. Weight gain 2. Electrolyte imbalance 3. Increased hemodynamic pressures 4. Decreased lung compliance Reading that indicates hypovolemia - ANSWERCVP 2 mmHg Reading that indicates hypervolemia - ANSWERCVP 6 mmHg Semicomatose - ANSWERResponds only to painful stimuli Lethargy or somnolence - ANSWERSleepy Obtunded - ANSWERDrowsy state, may have decreased cough or gag reflex Orthopnea - ANSWERDifficulty breathing in upright position (heart problem, CHF) General malaise - ANSWERRun down feeling, nausea, weakness, fatigue, headache (electrolyte imbalance) Dyspnea - ANSWERFeeling of SOB/difficulty breathing Dysphagia - ANSWERDifficulty swallowing, hoarseness Peripheral edema - ANSWERPitting edema in arms and ankles Causes of peripheral edema - ANSWERFluid accumulation from CHF and renal failure Ascites - ANSWERAccumulation of fluid in the abdomen Causes ascites - ANSWERFluid accumulation from liver failure Clubbing - ANSWERAngling of nail bed of thumbs, first finger and toes Causes of clubbing - ANSWEREffects of chronic hypoxemia on fingers and toes Venous distention - ANSWEREngorged jugular veins during exhalation Causes of venous distention - ANSWEREngorged jugular veins from CHF and COPD Capillary refill - ANSWERIndicates peripheral circulation Diaphoresis - ANSWERProfuse, heavy sweating Causes of diaphoresis - ANSWERHeart failure, fever, infection, anxiety, nervousness, TB Ashen/pallor skin - ANSWERSkin color caused by anemia or blood loss Erythema - ANSWERRedness of skin Causes of erythema - ANSWERSkin colore caused by capillary congestion, inflammation, infection Causes of Cyanosis - ANSWERSkin color caused by hypoxia from increased amount of reduced hemoglobin Kyphosis - ANSWERConvex curvature of spine (lean forward) Scoliosis - ANSWERLateral curvature of spine (side to side) Eupnea - ANSWERNormal RR, depth, rhythm Causes of tachypnea - ANSWERHypoxia, fever, pain CNS problems Cheyne-Stokes - ANSWERGradual increase in RR, then gradual decrease in RR and depth Causes of Cheyne-Stokes - ANSWERBreathing pattern caused by increased ICP, meningitis, narcotic OD Kussmaul's - ANSWERIncreased RR, increased depth, irregular rhythm, labored breathing Causes of Kussmaul's - ANSWERBreathing pattern caused by metabolic acidosis, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis Normal muscles of ventilation - ANSWERDiaphragm, external intercostals, passive exhalation Accessory muscle used to increase ventilation - ANSWERIntercostal, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, abdominal muscles (oblique, rectus abdominus) Disease that causes hypertrophy of the accessory muscles - ANSWERCOPD effects on accessory muscles Signs of respiratory distress in infants - ANSWERRetractions, nasal flaring Pulsus paradoxus - ANSWERPulse and blood pressure varies with respirations Causes of tracheal shift toward pathology - ANSWERAtelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonectomy, diaphragmatic paralysis Causes of tracheal shift away from pahtology - ANSWERMassive pleural effusion, tension pneumothorax, neck/thyroid tumors, large mediastinal mass Tactile fremitus - ANSWERVibrations felt by hand on chest wall Resonant percussion note - ANSWERHollow sound, normal Flat percussion note - ANSWERHeard over sternum, muscles, or areas of atelectasis