AQA Psychology Approaches Exam Questions and Answers 2024

AQA Psychology Approaches Exam Questions and Answers 2024 Factors making something a science -Answer-1.Controlled, experimental conditions that can show cause and effect and can test hypotheses. 2.Highly standardised experiments that can be repeated in the same way - reliability Use of IVs and DVs. 3.The scientific method - objective, systematic and replicable. 4.The scientific cycle - objective, systematic and replicable observation. Building, refining or falsifying, development of a scientific theory, constant testing/refining and back to the theory. Wilhelm Wundt Role -Answer--'Father of psychology' -First lab in Leipzig in 1979 -Used introspection to investigate the nature of human consciousness. -Helped psych move from philosophical roots (Locke) to todays scientific rigour (Watson&skinner) Introspection -Answer-A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings First systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures Definition of Psychology -Answer-The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes Standardised procedures -Answer-Wilhelm Wundt and co-workers recorded experience with stimuli (objects/sounds) Divided observations into 3 Thoughts Images Sensations Wundts Evaluation -Answer-Scientific? yes, same instructions given out clearly and systematically Objective? No, contained personal Bias opinions, its subjective Reliable? It is repeatable but same results wont be given each time Define OBJECTIVE -Answer-Free from personal/ bias opinion Define SUBJECTIVE -Answer-based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions What is Classical Conditioning -Answer-A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events Learning through Association Unconditioned stimulus (US) -Answer-Happens naturally, and automatically triggers a response Conditioned Stimulus (CS) -Answer-A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. Conditioned Response (CR) -Answer-a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus what is the learning approach -Answer-The idea that all behaviours are learned What is Behaviourism -Answer-Behaviour is learnt through experience Classical and operant conditioning Define social learning theory (SLT) -Answer-Behaviour is learnt through imitation Imitation/observation and Direct/ Vicarious reinforcement Assumptions of Classical conditioning -Answer--Not concerned with investigating mental processes -Rejects idea of introspection (vague/diffic) -Tries to maintain more control and objective in research (lab experiences) -Only directly observable behaviour should be studied. -Born Tabula Rasa Tabula Rasa -Answer-John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas. Example of classical conditioning #2 -Answer-Watson and Reyne- Little Albert (conditioning a baby to be scared of white rats) Unconditioned stimulus was the Bell which would give an unconditioned response (Albert crying) Neutral stim (Rat) gave the UC resp (No emotion) The rat and the bell gives an UC response and soon the response is conditioned by the rat. Real life uses for classical conditioning -Answer-Aversion therapy (Phobias) Alcoholism treatment Nail biting treatment Define operant conditioning -Answer-A type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher Learning through Consequence What is positive reinforcement? -Answer-Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed INC likelyhood of behaviour being repeated what is negative reinforcement -Answer-Where an animal/human avoids something unpleasant so that the outcome is a positive experience E.g. a student doing their homework so they don't get told off. Punishment -Answer-an unpleasent consequence of behaviour, eg shouted at for talking. DEC the likelyhood that the behaviour is repeated Define positive punishment -Answer-The addition of an external stimulus is used to decrease the likelihood of a behavior You are given something bad Define Negative punishment -Answer-The removal of a stimulus is used to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour Something good is taken away from you example of operant conditioning -Answer-Skinner box What was the Skinner box? -Answer-Named for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal (rats/ pigeons) in the box whenever it makes the desired response or reinforced by food.