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Summary notes (AQA Psychology for A Level Year 1 & AS Student Book) - Research Methods
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Brief and easy to read summary notes on research methods for Aqa psychology exams as/a levels.
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RESEARCH METHODS AQA YEAR 1/ASParticipants - pps
Experimental Method:
Aim - A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate/purpose
of the study.
Hypothesis - A statement stating the relationship between the variables to be
investigated. Variables should be operationalised.
Directional Hypothesis - States the direction of the difference/relationship.
Non-Directional Hypothesis - Does not state the direction of the
difference/relationship.
Variable - Anything that can vary or change in an investigation.
Independent variable (IV) - An aspect of the investigation that is manipulated by
the researcher (can change naturally) so the effect on the DV should be
measured.
Dependant variable (DV) - The variable that is measured by the researcher.
Effect on the DV should be caused by the change in the IV.
Operationalisation - Clearly defining variables in terms of how you can measure
them. Allows for repeatability.
If there are previous findings/research about a topic use a directional hypothesis.
In order to test IV, there has to be a clear comparison established, if there is no
comparison established there needs to be a control group.
Research Issues:
Extraneous variables - Any variable other than the IV that may affect the DV,
they do not vary systematically with the IV.
Classed into : Environmental variables, Experimenter variables, Participant
variables.
Confounding variable - A sort of EV but varies systematically with the IV. Hard
to tell whether a change in the DV is due to the IV or due to the confounding
variable.
Demand Characteristics - Participants will try to work out what is going on and
, may lead to a change in behaviour. Please-U effect or screw-U effect.
Investigator effects - Any effect of the investigator's behaviour whether it was
conscious and unconscious, on the DV. Includes the design of the study to the
selection and interaction with pps.
Randomisation - Use of chance methods to control the effects of bias when
designing materials and deciding the order of experimental conditions.
Standardisation - Using identical formalised procedures and instructions for all
pps in study.
Experimental Designs:
It is the different ways in which pps can be organised in a study.
Independent groups design - Pps allocated to different groups where each group
represents one experimental condition.
Advantages - Order effects are not a problem here. Pps less likely to guess the
aims of the experiment.
Disadvantages - Pps variables can be a problem, skewed by differences in pps.
Less economical than a repeated measures.
Repeated measures - All pps take part in all conditions of the experiment.
Advantages - Pps variables are controlled.
Fewer pps needed.
Disadvantages - Order effects arise as confounding variables. Demand
Characteristics. May have a continuing effect - pps do multiple tasks.
Matched pairs design - Pairs of pps are first matched on some variables that
could affect the DV. The one is assigned to Condition A and Condition B.
Advantages - Order effects and demand characteristics are less of a problem
Disadvantages - Pps can never be matched exactly.
Time consuming and expensive.
Random allocation - An attempt to control for pp variables in independent
groups. Pps have same chances.
Counterbalancing - Attempt to control the effects of order in a repeated measure.
Half do condition in one order, the other in another order.
ABBA - Every pp does 4 trials A, B, B then A .
Types of experiments:
Laboratory/Lab experiments - Conducted in highly controlled conditions,
researcher manipulates the IV.
Advantages - High control over extraneous variables.
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