NR293/ NR 293 Exam 2 solution guide 2022 Distinction level approved.

NR293/ NR 293 Exam 2 solution guide 2022 Distinction level approved. Analgesics - Pain Medication - medications aimed at reducing pain without causing sedation NSAIDS - Aspirin - Ibuprofen - Celecoxib - Acetaminophen - Indomethacin - Magnesium - Naproxen Ibuprofen and Aspirin inhibit or block prostaglandins, thus reducing inflammation, pain and swelling Celecoxib anti-inflammatory drug given for osteoarthritis Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox 2) an enzyme directly responsible for inflammation, swelling and pain. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) toxic for your liver (tyLIVER) Hydromorphone - side effects (urinary retention) - important to monitor urine output Morphine Sulfate - side effects (constipation, pruritis, hypotension) - decrease in pain level - decrease in tachycardia - absence of facial grimacing or discomfort - verbalization of pain relief Anxiety Disorder anxiety that interferes with daily life Buspirone commonly used antianxiety drug to treat Anxiety disorder Bipolar Disorder extreme mood swings, also known as manic-depression Lithium - commonly used mood stabilizer - therapeutic level = 0.8-1.2 Psychosis severe mental illness such as schizophrenia Antipsychotics used to treat refractory or recurring schizophrenia Risperidone helps to reduce paranoia and delusions Antidepressants - may take up to 4 weeks to notice therapeutic effects - prevent the absorption of serotonin in the body, thus increasing concentration in the brain, elevating mood Serotonin - acts as neurotransmitter - mostly in the brain but found in digestive system and blood platelets - mood, sexual desire, appetite, sleep, memory, temperature regulation and social behavior Serotonin Syndrome - when there is too much serotonin in the body - excessive nerve cell activity which can be fatal (agitation, confusion, increased heart rate, tremors, fever) Tricyclic Antidepressants - blocks serotonin absorption - overdose can cause cardiac dysrhythmias - toxicity occurs when mixed with alcohol Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - blocks serotonin absorption - cannot be taken with anticoagulants because it can cause excessive bleeding - high protein bound Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - reduce the activity of the enzyme MAO, which results in higher levels of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in the brain, enhancing mood - break down catecholamines in the CNS - taken with foods high in Tyramine can cause dangerously high blood pressure Norepinephrine influences sleep and alertness and is believed to be correlated to the fight or flight stress response Dopamine influences body movements and is also believed to be involved in motivation, reward, reinforcement and addictive behavior MAOIs: side effect - many patients experience dry mouth - antidepressants prevent acetylcholine from reaching muscarinic receptors in the salivary glands causing cotton mouth Drug/Food Interaction - MAOIs AVOID: cheese, processed meats and red wine St. John's Wort - when combined with antidepressants can cause adverse effects - duloxetine and sertraline + St. John's Wort = Serotonin Syndrome Opioids