MN576 UNITS 1 - 10 (Q & A) LATEST UPDATE 2024
Most complications that develop during pregnancy are preventable. What are the major
complications that account for ~75% of all maternal deaths? - (correct answer)1.
severe bleeding/hemorrhage
2. infection/sepsis
3. Hypertensive emergency/eclampsia/preeclampsia
4. complications from delivery
5. unsafe abortion
6. The remainder are caused/associated with disease like malaria, and AIDS
maternal death is? - (correct answer)death of a woman while pregnant or within 42
days of termination of pregnancy.
Direct complications in pregnancy include - (correct answer)•Hemorrhage
•Pre-Eclampsia
•Thromboembolism
•Infection
•Obstructed or prolonged labor
•Ectopic pregnancy
•Unsafe abortion
•Surgical
•Anesthetic
Common indirect problems of pregnancy include - (correct answer)•Pre-existing
medical conditions
•Epilepsy, Cardiac disease, Diabetes
•Hormone dependent malignancies
•Mental health problems - suicide
•Domestic violence
•Trauma
4 Principles of medical ethics - (correct answer)•Autonomy; respect individual's ability
to freely make informed decisions
•Principle of non-maleficence; first do no harm
•Principle of beneficence; to act in the patient's best interest
•Principle of justice; distributing benefits and burden of care fairly across society
Patient Confidentiality - (correct answer)Patients need to be able to trust a physician
will protect shared information
They should feel free to fully disclose sensitive personal information to enable their
physician to most effectively provide needed services
physician have an ethical obligation to preserve the confidentiality of information
In general, patients are entitled to decide whether and to whom their personal health
information is disclosed.
,Physicians can break confidentiality if - (correct answer)•Patient lacks medical decision
making capacity.
•To other health care personnel for purposes of providing care or for health care
operations; or
•To appropriate authorities when disclosure is required by law
•To other third parties situated to mitigate the threat when in the physician's judgment
there is a reasonable probability that:
•The patient will seriously harm him/herself.
•The patient will inflict serious physical harm on an identifiable individual or individuals.
•For any other disclosures, physicians should obtain the consent of the patient (or
authorized surrogate) before disclosing personal health information.
A patient can only exercise their autonomy in making decisions about their own health
care if - (correct answer)•they are given information about that care
•they understand the risks and benefits of a specific treatment
•and can apply this information to their health
What are the two types of birthing presentation? - (correct answer)•Cephalic - head
down
•Breech - bottom down
Why is dating a pregnancy important? - (correct answer)1. Monitoring fetal growth
during the pregnancy
•Growth discrepancies can associated with;
•Placental disorders
•Genetic conditions
•Infections
•Smoking
•Malnutrition
•Anemia
•Diabetes - big babies
2. Estimating due date:
•Risk of still birth increases after 40 weeks
•Allows planning for delivery
What information is included in obstetric history? - (correct answer)•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Number of miscarriages
•Number of terminations of pregnancy
•Number of pregnancies after 24 weeks
•Previous mode of delivery
•Current pregnancy - any problems or complications
•Previous pregnancy, problems or complications.
•Any significant gynecological history?
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
, •Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
What is included in gynecological history? - (correct answer)•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations
•Menstrual history - age of first and last period
•Sexually active?
•Contraception
•Focused history depending on presenting complaint
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
Why is history taking important? - (correct answer)Gather information to quantify risk in
pregnancy.
What do we want from a Healthcare System? - (correct answer)•Quality services
•Ability to manage acute and chronic medical problems
•Well trained workforce
•Evidence based medical guidelines
•Well maintained hospitals and clinics
•Good quality medicines
•Diagnostic services
•Ability to adapt to the needs of the whole population
What are some of the differences between private and public healthcare in SA? -
(correct answer)•Public and Private healthcare is available.
•Public health is funded through taxation and national insurance
•Private health is through insurance companies
•16% of the population have health insurance.
•70% of all doctors in South Africa work full time in the private health sector.
What are some of the problems that face SA public healthcare system? - (correct
answer)•Cares for the health of 40 million South Africans
•Staffed by 30% of the doctors in the county
•Public hospitals are chronically underfunded
•Understaffed
•Staff are poorly paid
•Equipment is poorly maintained
•Staff have expressed concerns about ability to provide safe care.
Most complications that develop during pregnancy are preventable. What are the major
complications that account for ~75% of all maternal deaths? - (correct answer)1.
severe bleeding/hemorrhage
2. infection/sepsis
3. Hypertensive emergency/eclampsia/preeclampsia
4. complications from delivery
5. unsafe abortion
6. The remainder are caused/associated with disease like malaria, and AIDS
maternal death is? - (correct answer)death of a woman while pregnant or within 42
days of termination of pregnancy.
Direct complications in pregnancy include - (correct answer)•Hemorrhage
•Pre-Eclampsia
•Thromboembolism
•Infection
•Obstructed or prolonged labor
•Ectopic pregnancy
•Unsafe abortion
•Surgical
•Anesthetic
Common indirect problems of pregnancy include - (correct answer)•Pre-existing
medical conditions
•Epilepsy, Cardiac disease, Diabetes
•Hormone dependent malignancies
•Mental health problems - suicide
•Domestic violence
•Trauma
4 Principles of medical ethics - (correct answer)•Autonomy; respect individual's ability
to freely make informed decisions
•Principle of non-maleficence; first do no harm
•Principle of beneficence; to act in the patient's best interest
•Principle of justice; distributing benefits and burden of care fairly across society
Patient Confidentiality - (correct answer)Patients need to be able to trust a physician
will protect shared information
They should feel free to fully disclose sensitive personal information to enable their
physician to most effectively provide needed services
physician have an ethical obligation to preserve the confidentiality of information
In general, patients are entitled to decide whether and to whom their personal health
information is disclosed.
,Physicians can break confidentiality if - (correct answer)•Patient lacks medical decision
making capacity.
•To other health care personnel for purposes of providing care or for health care
operations; or
•To appropriate authorities when disclosure is required by law
•To other third parties situated to mitigate the threat when in the physician's judgment
there is a reasonable probability that:
•The patient will seriously harm him/herself.
•The patient will inflict serious physical harm on an identifiable individual or individuals.
•For any other disclosures, physicians should obtain the consent of the patient (or
authorized surrogate) before disclosing personal health information.
A patient can only exercise their autonomy in making decisions about their own health
care if - (correct answer)•they are given information about that care
•they understand the risks and benefits of a specific treatment
•and can apply this information to their health
What are the two types of birthing presentation? - (correct answer)•Cephalic - head
down
•Breech - bottom down
Why is dating a pregnancy important? - (correct answer)1. Monitoring fetal growth
during the pregnancy
•Growth discrepancies can associated with;
•Placental disorders
•Genetic conditions
•Infections
•Smoking
•Malnutrition
•Anemia
•Diabetes - big babies
2. Estimating due date:
•Risk of still birth increases after 40 weeks
•Allows planning for delivery
What information is included in obstetric history? - (correct answer)•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Number of miscarriages
•Number of terminations of pregnancy
•Number of pregnancies after 24 weeks
•Previous mode of delivery
•Current pregnancy - any problems or complications
•Previous pregnancy, problems or complications.
•Any significant gynecological history?
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
, •Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
What is included in gynecological history? - (correct answer)•Age
•First day of last menstrual period
•Pregnancies, miscarriages, terminations
•Menstrual history - age of first and last period
•Sexually active?
•Contraception
•Focused history depending on presenting complaint
•Past medical history
•Past surgical history
•Current medication - including herbal and over the counter
•Allergies
•Family history
•Social history
Why is history taking important? - (correct answer)Gather information to quantify risk in
pregnancy.
What do we want from a Healthcare System? - (correct answer)•Quality services
•Ability to manage acute and chronic medical problems
•Well trained workforce
•Evidence based medical guidelines
•Well maintained hospitals and clinics
•Good quality medicines
•Diagnostic services
•Ability to adapt to the needs of the whole population
What are some of the differences between private and public healthcare in SA? -
(correct answer)•Public and Private healthcare is available.
•Public health is funded through taxation and national insurance
•Private health is through insurance companies
•16% of the population have health insurance.
•70% of all doctors in South Africa work full time in the private health sector.
What are some of the problems that face SA public healthcare system? - (correct
answer)•Cares for the health of 40 million South Africans
•Staffed by 30% of the doctors in the county
•Public hospitals are chronically underfunded
•Understaffed
•Staff are poorly paid
•Equipment is poorly maintained
•Staff have expressed concerns about ability to provide safe care.
