EVOLUTION:ORIGIN EVIDENCE
EVOLUTION
Giraffes(wrong) 1) universe started 13,7 bya, Earth is 4.6 by old 5. Embryology 3. Genetics
•∆ in env e.g. droughts-> less foliage lower down so adv to eat foliage higher up 2) e's crust built up in layers[laid down by sedimentation(water)/volcanic activity, 1. shows all orgs descended from common a-> all org have RNA+DNA, many genes in living
•dvped need to eat f higher up .˙. stretched necks =study of vertebrate embryos
oldest @bottam) org encoded to make identical proteins e.g. enzymes for cellular r.
•stretching+dvp of muscles+bones in neck e.g. all embroys have gill slits, fish-like heart, tail and nerve cord(bcms spinal cord)
3)dating of fossils [relative+radiometric/absolute dating) 2. shows relatedness amongst org fewer shared- more distant rel+further in past diverged
passed on to offspring [more sequences on DNA shared, closer rel btw 2 spps+more recently diverged from c.a.]
4) atleast 5 mass extinctions have occured with many species bcm extinct 1. Comparitive embryology:
5) by studying fossils one learns about ancient forms, (extinction) early embryos of very diff orgs closely resemble each other[sim structure]
-1900: *humans and chimps share approximately 98% of the same DNA
->understand life forms ∆ gradually, evidence to support idea species ∆ -with further dvp of the embryo, the fish-like features are lost+embryos bcm less -
Charles 5 yr expedition, Snth hem, HMS Beagle 1859: Origin of Species 6) SA is very rich in fossils
Darwin -aware of diversity among -Descent with mod similar, taking on charactertics of vertebrate group to which they belong
orgs,variation of indv of same -Natural selection
e.g. stromatolites(Barberton)fomed layers blue-green algae
coelocanth, mammal-like reptiles Karoo, earliest ancestors[Homo ergaster]
-evidence of common a 4. Comparitive anatomy evidence
species,distribution of diff s [mech © evo. ind best 1. comparitive anatomy:compare external+internal structures - how closely related 2 orgs
-Principles of Geology: Charles Lyell traits survive] unifying concept acts as foundation for understanding all bio 6. Vestigal Organs - homologies may be acquired from a common a, thus on same evolutionary line
Alfred Brit naturalist, accepted concept of evo - distri of species on 1.what is evolution =structures or organs that seems to be stunted +have no function
3. no. of shared homologous features btw 2 spps shows how recently those 2 spps
Russel -worked in Malay archipelago island vs mainland diverged from shared lineage
biological evo: the change in gene pool of a population over time by processes such *often homologous organs that are useful in other species
Wallace (Wallace's line) -isolation - orgs with vestigial structures must have shared a common a with orgs in which the
geology, biogeography, fossils as mutation, natural selection and general drift Homologous structures: flippers of whales+legs of horse same structure diff function
homologous structure is functional
= similar in funsamental structure, position+development, superficially diff
Charles Darwin •all living org descended from common ancestor[single origin of life] e.g. cave fish blind but still has eyes, appendix, pelvic girdle in dolphin
>evidence of divergent evolution, all a share a common ancestor that had the same bones
1) Descent with modification *diversity of life result of ∆s in pops. over millions of years[descent with modification] e.g. tailbone in humans, homologous to functional tale of other primates
e.g. pendatactyl limb vertebrates[all shared common a same bones]
Common a->spread into a variety of habitats->bcs already adapted to new local *new species arise fro pre-existing species
cond, survived-> passed traits onto offspring->diversified into new species(my) ( all life shares same genetic code+similar basic enzymes)
Analogous structures
->some species died out ie bcm extinct -superficially similar structure as evolved in sim env, perform the same/similar function
2)Diversification by branching fundamental structure diff .˙. do not share a recent common a
ancestroal sps gave rise to 2+ new relaties sps, each in a new habitat
theories of evolution e.g. butterflies and birds
*before 1700: species were unrelated+remained unchanged+earth young+static(6000) -evidence of convergent evolution ie analogous[ very little in common besides function]
some sps died out ie bcm extinct(evident in fossil record)
-1800: D+L challenge concepts [studied fossils+aware of huge diversity] structures evolve along diff ev paths from diff a to perform same function in a part. env
Erasmus Charles' grandfather life on E descended from1800
1700-early common a
Giraffe example Darwin Brit dr- philospher+ scientist -species have ∆ed over time
•genetic variation in giraffe pop-some giraffes have longer necks than others
Book: Zoonomia(1794) -no mechanism provided
•env change/competition © shorter-necked giraffes to die+long neck survive
Jean- French naturalist species not fixed[∆ to survive new env]
•n.s. occured: genes for longer necks were inherited by future generations
diff features were favoured in diff env
Baptiste Book: Philosophie *use+disuse of char. [larger+stronger]
diff pop bcm modified+diversified into new sps over time Lamarck Zoologique (1809)- ->acquired traits passed on to offspring
diversification- some died out *both blvd species have common a, evoltion occured as species adapted to their env
Alfred
1. D+W read An Essay on the Principle of Pop.
diff pop Thomas Malthys(1797)\2. competition
bcm modifie
in pop-> struggle for existence btw members in pop
.Lamark Explanation
Hypothesis: inheritance of acquired characteristics
evolution
2. indp get idea for natural selection[sent paper, 1858 joint paper, 1859- book]
1) Use+disuse of body parts:
env ∆ed, ;use a body part-> gets larger, don't use->gets smaller
Evolution
Natural selection 2) inheritance acquired characteristics: -explains biodiversity through time[is theory]
*ANy variation in an org that favoured its survival in part env wld increase chance of physical(phenotypic) ∆s acquired by parents passed on offspring, *evolution is a well-established fact-> support by many lines of evidence
reproducing+have fertile, viable offspring pop changed->new species formed *Darwin's ideas correct but mech of evolution only partly understood
*org less favourable variatinoons-less successfull
* more favourable variations(genetically dtm) are transfered to future gen Scientific theory
Faults in his theory
*over time- no. of variations within indv of species incr so much new species result • env does cause phenotypic changes, do not © evo. ∆ sci theory: a thorough explanation supported by lots of reliable evidence as proof
•acquired characteristics are not inherited-> don't change DNA or gametes
scientific hypothesis: idea/ possible explanation about something observed that
answers a question
EVIDENCE =general explanation of an nb natural phenomenon with a reliable bd of evidence that has
dvlp through extensive+repeated observations+experiments to support it
2. BIOGEOGRAPHY EVIDENCE
*biogeography: study of past +present distribution of world's many species Science and Religion
1.fossil records. |. 2. biogeography. | 3. DNA(genetics)+molecular biology
*very diff p+a species in regions of same lat with sim climate, • Science: deals with the material world, investigates physical+natural
4.Homologies+comparitive anatomy |5. Embryology. | 6..Vestigal organs|
aspects of life using scientific method
marsupials(pouches)+monotremes(egg- laying mam) 7. Biodiversity |8.Physiology
1. marsupials vs placentals • Religion: deals with strongly held beliefs, morals, atitudes+spiritual,
[large indig mammals in Ausi region all marsupials vs all other biog region=placentals] philosphical+ethical 'why' q
2. Africa vs South America 1. FOSSIL EVIDENCE -cannot be used to test each other
[SA-neotropical+africa-afrotropical biog r virt identical climate but very diff animals *evidence of systematic evo. ∆ ie evidence for micro+macro-evo[regular change] -complemntary rather than antagonistic
.˙. env cannot account for dis/similarity since sim env can -entirely dif species groups * bias: very few indv bcm f, hard bd org more likely to f, most f aquatic a, not discovered
3.different species of flightless birds/ratites *evidence of descent with modification e.g. dvp of modern horse[no reversals found] 1. Science is ongoing process while religion is open to moral, ethical+philsophical
[Ratites: rheas in S Am, ostriches in Africa, emus in Australia] interpretations
*3 diff species all originated from own ancestor, as common f.b. cld not fly across ocean 1. incr in complexity:oldest rocks, simplest fossils-> youngest rocks human anc 2. science does not claim to know everything
4. diff collection of p+a in regions same latitude, similar climates+conditions 2. incr in diversity: 3.science can explain how life developed through evolution but cannot explain the
Old World +new world monkeys[N: flat face, wide nostril vs O: long snout, close nostril] -Cladogenesis: branching descendents->biodiversity increases mystery of how life started
clustering pattern of closely allied species
*novelties/key innovations- new+original adaptation often -> new genera+species occ
DARWIN 3. more extinct species as one moves back in time(99% org extinxt-not adapt, natural)
1.closely related species located nearby- similar species descended from common a New spps better adapted survive->replace+fill vacant niches(spss not fixed, ∆ +evolve)
2. similar env can contain entirley dif species groups- desc. from a that were diff 4. existence of intermediate forms btw species(transitional/link fossils)
3. oceanic islands *transitional fossils: mixture of traits show link btw groups 'missing link'
- although species sim to each other, diff slightly on each island *evidence of modification by descent[one group given rise to another]
- species livings on islands more closely related to species living on nearest mainland, e.g.mammal-like reptiles(abundantly in karoo) intermediate btw reptiles+mammals
even though diff env, compared sps from other island groups
5. overall incr in size: starting pt tiny unicellular org
4. extinct species closely resembled living in same region-
modern sps replaced+evl into fossil forms[ground sloth+living 2-toed tree sloth]
5. .˙. 2 diff groups of orgs must have arisen by descent by modification from diff Cambrian explosion: 545 mya rapid diversification over rl short period -app huge
ancestors on each side of line diversity of complex, multi-celled orgs
*today estimated 1.4 to 1.7 m species of org
Wallace line: imaginary line bisects Malay archipelago from N-W and SE parts
[each part diff group of living orgs:deep seaways prevented migration btw islands] <- mockingbird species Galapagos islands:diff spps of m on each island. Spps were closer
in app to those on mainland than anywhere else in world
EVOLUTION
Giraffes(wrong) 1) universe started 13,7 bya, Earth is 4.6 by old 5. Embryology 3. Genetics
•∆ in env e.g. droughts-> less foliage lower down so adv to eat foliage higher up 2) e's crust built up in layers[laid down by sedimentation(water)/volcanic activity, 1. shows all orgs descended from common a-> all org have RNA+DNA, many genes in living
•dvped need to eat f higher up .˙. stretched necks =study of vertebrate embryos
oldest @bottam) org encoded to make identical proteins e.g. enzymes for cellular r.
•stretching+dvp of muscles+bones in neck e.g. all embroys have gill slits, fish-like heart, tail and nerve cord(bcms spinal cord)
3)dating of fossils [relative+radiometric/absolute dating) 2. shows relatedness amongst org fewer shared- more distant rel+further in past diverged
passed on to offspring [more sequences on DNA shared, closer rel btw 2 spps+more recently diverged from c.a.]
4) atleast 5 mass extinctions have occured with many species bcm extinct 1. Comparitive embryology:
5) by studying fossils one learns about ancient forms, (extinction) early embryos of very diff orgs closely resemble each other[sim structure]
-1900: *humans and chimps share approximately 98% of the same DNA
->understand life forms ∆ gradually, evidence to support idea species ∆ -with further dvp of the embryo, the fish-like features are lost+embryos bcm less -
Charles 5 yr expedition, Snth hem, HMS Beagle 1859: Origin of Species 6) SA is very rich in fossils
Darwin -aware of diversity among -Descent with mod similar, taking on charactertics of vertebrate group to which they belong
orgs,variation of indv of same -Natural selection
e.g. stromatolites(Barberton)fomed layers blue-green algae
coelocanth, mammal-like reptiles Karoo, earliest ancestors[Homo ergaster]
-evidence of common a 4. Comparitive anatomy evidence
species,distribution of diff s [mech © evo. ind best 1. comparitive anatomy:compare external+internal structures - how closely related 2 orgs
-Principles of Geology: Charles Lyell traits survive] unifying concept acts as foundation for understanding all bio 6. Vestigal Organs - homologies may be acquired from a common a, thus on same evolutionary line
Alfred Brit naturalist, accepted concept of evo - distri of species on 1.what is evolution =structures or organs that seems to be stunted +have no function
3. no. of shared homologous features btw 2 spps shows how recently those 2 spps
Russel -worked in Malay archipelago island vs mainland diverged from shared lineage
biological evo: the change in gene pool of a population over time by processes such *often homologous organs that are useful in other species
Wallace (Wallace's line) -isolation - orgs with vestigial structures must have shared a common a with orgs in which the
geology, biogeography, fossils as mutation, natural selection and general drift Homologous structures: flippers of whales+legs of horse same structure diff function
homologous structure is functional
= similar in funsamental structure, position+development, superficially diff
Charles Darwin •all living org descended from common ancestor[single origin of life] e.g. cave fish blind but still has eyes, appendix, pelvic girdle in dolphin
>evidence of divergent evolution, all a share a common ancestor that had the same bones
1) Descent with modification *diversity of life result of ∆s in pops. over millions of years[descent with modification] e.g. tailbone in humans, homologous to functional tale of other primates
e.g. pendatactyl limb vertebrates[all shared common a same bones]
Common a->spread into a variety of habitats->bcs already adapted to new local *new species arise fro pre-existing species
cond, survived-> passed traits onto offspring->diversified into new species(my) ( all life shares same genetic code+similar basic enzymes)
Analogous structures
->some species died out ie bcm extinct -superficially similar structure as evolved in sim env, perform the same/similar function
2)Diversification by branching fundamental structure diff .˙. do not share a recent common a
ancestroal sps gave rise to 2+ new relaties sps, each in a new habitat
theories of evolution e.g. butterflies and birds
*before 1700: species were unrelated+remained unchanged+earth young+static(6000) -evidence of convergent evolution ie analogous[ very little in common besides function]
some sps died out ie bcm extinct(evident in fossil record)
-1800: D+L challenge concepts [studied fossils+aware of huge diversity] structures evolve along diff ev paths from diff a to perform same function in a part. env
Erasmus Charles' grandfather life on E descended from1800
1700-early common a
Giraffe example Darwin Brit dr- philospher+ scientist -species have ∆ed over time
•genetic variation in giraffe pop-some giraffes have longer necks than others
Book: Zoonomia(1794) -no mechanism provided
•env change/competition © shorter-necked giraffes to die+long neck survive
Jean- French naturalist species not fixed[∆ to survive new env]
•n.s. occured: genes for longer necks were inherited by future generations
diff features were favoured in diff env
Baptiste Book: Philosophie *use+disuse of char. [larger+stronger]
diff pop bcm modified+diversified into new sps over time Lamarck Zoologique (1809)- ->acquired traits passed on to offspring
diversification- some died out *both blvd species have common a, evoltion occured as species adapted to their env
Alfred
1. D+W read An Essay on the Principle of Pop.
diff pop Thomas Malthys(1797)\2. competition
bcm modifie
in pop-> struggle for existence btw members in pop
.Lamark Explanation
Hypothesis: inheritance of acquired characteristics
evolution
2. indp get idea for natural selection[sent paper, 1858 joint paper, 1859- book]
1) Use+disuse of body parts:
env ∆ed, ;use a body part-> gets larger, don't use->gets smaller
Evolution
Natural selection 2) inheritance acquired characteristics: -explains biodiversity through time[is theory]
*ANy variation in an org that favoured its survival in part env wld increase chance of physical(phenotypic) ∆s acquired by parents passed on offspring, *evolution is a well-established fact-> support by many lines of evidence
reproducing+have fertile, viable offspring pop changed->new species formed *Darwin's ideas correct but mech of evolution only partly understood
*org less favourable variatinoons-less successfull
* more favourable variations(genetically dtm) are transfered to future gen Scientific theory
Faults in his theory
*over time- no. of variations within indv of species incr so much new species result • env does cause phenotypic changes, do not © evo. ∆ sci theory: a thorough explanation supported by lots of reliable evidence as proof
•acquired characteristics are not inherited-> don't change DNA or gametes
scientific hypothesis: idea/ possible explanation about something observed that
answers a question
EVIDENCE =general explanation of an nb natural phenomenon with a reliable bd of evidence that has
dvlp through extensive+repeated observations+experiments to support it
2. BIOGEOGRAPHY EVIDENCE
*biogeography: study of past +present distribution of world's many species Science and Religion
1.fossil records. |. 2. biogeography. | 3. DNA(genetics)+molecular biology
*very diff p+a species in regions of same lat with sim climate, • Science: deals with the material world, investigates physical+natural
4.Homologies+comparitive anatomy |5. Embryology. | 6..Vestigal organs|
aspects of life using scientific method
marsupials(pouches)+monotremes(egg- laying mam) 7. Biodiversity |8.Physiology
1. marsupials vs placentals • Religion: deals with strongly held beliefs, morals, atitudes+spiritual,
[large indig mammals in Ausi region all marsupials vs all other biog region=placentals] philosphical+ethical 'why' q
2. Africa vs South America 1. FOSSIL EVIDENCE -cannot be used to test each other
[SA-neotropical+africa-afrotropical biog r virt identical climate but very diff animals *evidence of systematic evo. ∆ ie evidence for micro+macro-evo[regular change] -complemntary rather than antagonistic
.˙. env cannot account for dis/similarity since sim env can -entirely dif species groups * bias: very few indv bcm f, hard bd org more likely to f, most f aquatic a, not discovered
3.different species of flightless birds/ratites *evidence of descent with modification e.g. dvp of modern horse[no reversals found] 1. Science is ongoing process while religion is open to moral, ethical+philsophical
[Ratites: rheas in S Am, ostriches in Africa, emus in Australia] interpretations
*3 diff species all originated from own ancestor, as common f.b. cld not fly across ocean 1. incr in complexity:oldest rocks, simplest fossils-> youngest rocks human anc 2. science does not claim to know everything
4. diff collection of p+a in regions same latitude, similar climates+conditions 2. incr in diversity: 3.science can explain how life developed through evolution but cannot explain the
Old World +new world monkeys[N: flat face, wide nostril vs O: long snout, close nostril] -Cladogenesis: branching descendents->biodiversity increases mystery of how life started
clustering pattern of closely allied species
*novelties/key innovations- new+original adaptation often -> new genera+species occ
DARWIN 3. more extinct species as one moves back in time(99% org extinxt-not adapt, natural)
1.closely related species located nearby- similar species descended from common a New spps better adapted survive->replace+fill vacant niches(spss not fixed, ∆ +evolve)
2. similar env can contain entirley dif species groups- desc. from a that were diff 4. existence of intermediate forms btw species(transitional/link fossils)
3. oceanic islands *transitional fossils: mixture of traits show link btw groups 'missing link'
- although species sim to each other, diff slightly on each island *evidence of modification by descent[one group given rise to another]
- species livings on islands more closely related to species living on nearest mainland, e.g.mammal-like reptiles(abundantly in karoo) intermediate btw reptiles+mammals
even though diff env, compared sps from other island groups
5. overall incr in size: starting pt tiny unicellular org
4. extinct species closely resembled living in same region-
modern sps replaced+evl into fossil forms[ground sloth+living 2-toed tree sloth]
5. .˙. 2 diff groups of orgs must have arisen by descent by modification from diff Cambrian explosion: 545 mya rapid diversification over rl short period -app huge
ancestors on each side of line diversity of complex, multi-celled orgs
*today estimated 1.4 to 1.7 m species of org
Wallace line: imaginary line bisects Malay archipelago from N-W and SE parts
[each part diff group of living orgs:deep seaways prevented migration btw islands] <- mockingbird species Galapagos islands:diff spps of m on each island. Spps were closer
in app to those on mainland than anywhere else in world
