NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Questions With 100% Correct Answers.

Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - Answer-Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver* The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - Answer-1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis 2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia 3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis 4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - Answer-Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria What is the body's defense against ROS? - Answer-Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin) How are free radicals produced? - Answer-1. Normal cellular respiration 2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light) 3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides 4. Transition of metals 5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical action potential - Answer-Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes Threshold potential - Answer-Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potentialHypokalemia and action potentials - Answer-HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias Hyperkalemia and action potentials - Answer-HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves. When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis Hypocalcemia and action potentials - Answer-Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias