AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2[2LATEST VERSIONS] with complete solution | RATED A+ 2024

Wilhelm Wundt - - First Psychologist - First Lab in Germany - Experimental Conditions - Structuralism and Introspection Introspection - Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their conscious thoughts and feelings Empiricism - Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the use of the scientific method Scientific Method - The investigative methods that are: - Objective - Systematic - Reliable Evaluation of Wundt - - methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable - Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - - its objective and systematic - Rely on determinism - Self corrective - Create non-naturalistic environments - Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science Classical Conditioning - Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response Classical Conditioning steps - UCS -> UCR NS -> No Response UCS+NS -> UCR CS -> CR Features of CC - - If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work - CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while - If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery) - Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS Operant Conditioning - Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence Positive Reinforcement - Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable Negative Reinforcement - Doing something to stop unpleasant response Reinforcement - Strengthening a response Punishment - An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour Features of Classical Conditioning - - Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger - Punishment Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - - Applications in treatment of phobias - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs to learn Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - - Use of experimental method - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans Modelling - Individuals learn behaviour be observing others