Advanced Pathophysiology HESI final Exam. Questions
& Answers 2024
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen
to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes Correct answers Ans: B- peroxisomes
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure Correct
answers Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
production
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies Correct answers Ans: A- apoptosis
involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a
decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
Correct answers Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional
sodium across the cell membrane
What is an effect of ionizing radiation exposure?
A) respiratory distress
B) sun intolerance
C) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) abberations
D) death Correct answers Ans: C- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) abberations
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
, B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively Correct
answers Ans: A- adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the
plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
A) oncotic pressure
B) buffering
C) net filtration
D) hydrostatic pressure Correct answers Ans: D- hydrostatic pressure
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
A) capillary hydrostatic
B) interstitial hydrostatic
C) capillary oncotic
D) interstitial oncotic Correct answers Ans: A- capillary hydrostatic
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space because:
A) the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic
pressure
B) the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than then capillary oncotic pressure
C) the interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D) the capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Correct answers Ans: B- the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than then
capillary oncotic pressure
It is true that natriuretic peptides:
A) decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
B) increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion
C) increase the heart rate and decrease potassium excretion
D) decrease the heart rate and increase the potassium excretion Correct answers
Ans: A- decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral
hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood
vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain
cells, causing them to swell
C) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which
slows the synapses in the brain
D) high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by
water, causing the brain cells to swell Correct answers Ans: A- high sodium in the
& Answers 2024
Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen
to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes Correct answers Ans: B- peroxisomes
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure Correct
answers Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
production
Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies Correct answers Ans: A- apoptosis
involves programmed cell death of scattered singel cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because:
B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a
decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell
membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell
Correct answers Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional
sodium across the cell membrane
What is an effect of ionizing radiation exposure?
A) respiratory distress
B) sun intolerance
C) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) abberations
D) death Correct answers Ans: C- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) abberations
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
, B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of lean adults
D) the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively Correct
answers Ans: A- adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the
plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
A) oncotic pressure
B) buffering
C) net filtration
D) hydrostatic pressure Correct answers Ans: D- hydrostatic pressure
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
A) capillary hydrostatic
B) interstitial hydrostatic
C) capillary oncotic
D) interstitial oncotic Correct answers Ans: A- capillary hydrostatic
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the
interstitial space because:
A) the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic
pressure
B) the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than then capillary oncotic pressure
C) the interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D) the capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Correct answers Ans: B- the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than then
capillary oncotic pressure
It is true that natriuretic peptides:
A) decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
B) increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion
C) increase the heart rate and decrease potassium excretion
D) decrease the heart rate and increase the potassium excretion Correct answers
Ans: A- decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral
hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
A) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood
vessels, causing brain cells to shrink
B) high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain
cells, causing them to swell
C) high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which
slows the synapses in the brain
D) high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by
water, causing the brain cells to swell Correct answers Ans: A- high sodium in the
