Cognitive Neuroscience Exam 3 2024 with complete solutions

Cognitive Neuroscience Exam 3 2024 with complete solutions The term ________ refers to the operations involved when we select for further processing a limited subset of information from the total information available to us from our sensory systems and stored mental representations. - answerattention In one of the earliest studies of visual attention, Helmholtz (1894) constructed a screen on which letters were painted at various distances from the center. Following a brief illumination, he found that - answerhe could perceive letters located within the focus of his attention better than letters outside, even when his eyes remained at the center of the screen. In dichotic listening studies, Cherry (1953) presented competing speech stimuli to each ear and asked participants to verbally "shadow" (immediately report) the signal arriving at one ear while ignoring the other. He found that participants - answeraccurately recalled only the content of the signal presented to the shadowed ear. ________ is the idea that a stimulus does not have to be completely analyzed before it can be either selected for further processing or rejected as irrelevant. - answerEarly selection Both early- and late-selection models of attention share the idea that - answerthe human information processing system cannot fully process every piece of information it receives. All of the following describe differences between early-selection and late-selection models of attention EXCEPT - early-selection models argue that selection occurs before semantic analysis of incoming stimuli. - late-selection models argue that human information processing has limited capacity, whereas early-selection models argue that capacity is unlimited. - early-selection models argue that all higher-level information processing requires the use of attention. - late-selection models argue that a stimulus may be categorized or even identified before selection. - answerlate-selection models argue that human information processing has limited capacity, whereas early-selection models argue that capacity is unlimited. In attention experiments, cues that correctly predict the location of the target are called ________, whereas cues that predict other locations are called ________. - answervalid / invalid Which of the following phenomena is the most consciously mediated? - Inhibition of return - Reflexive attention - Exogenous cuing - Endogenous cuing - answerEndogenous cuing The process of directing one's attention to a specific external stimulus is called - answerorienting. One finding demonstrated by the Posner spatial cuing task (1980) is that - answerthe focus of attention can be moved separately from eye fixation. The Posner spatial cuing task (1980) showed that cuing participants to the location of an upcoming target - answerdecreased reaction time to detect the target. The observation that participants are actually slower to detect targets that appear at recent previously attended locations is called - answerinhibition of return You are looking for a friend who is supposed to meet you in a crowded lecture hall. You know that she is wearing a bright purple sweater and glasses. Which kind of visual search best describes this situation? - answerConjunction search Techniques such as EEG are particularly well suited to studies of attention. However, one difficulty in using these techniques is that - answerone must also use a structural neuroimaging technique to isolate the source of attentional activation to a specific brain structure. Hillyard and colleagues (1973) recorded event-related potentials (ERP) from participants while they performed a dichotic listening task. When comparing the ERPs collected when participants attended to a given signal to when they ignored this signal, the researchers found that auditory ERPs - answerwere larger for attended versus unattended signals The P1 ERP is associated most closely with the - answerdirection of attention to the spatial location of a visually presented object. Studies of attention employing the P1 waveform and the N1 waveform suggest that - answerboth vision and audition involve an early-selection m